Surgery: light – thermal – and electrical application – Light – thermal – and electrical application – Electrical energy applicator
Patent
1992-05-18
1994-02-01
Kamm, William E.
Surgery: light, thermal, and electrical application
Light, thermal, and electrical application
Electrical energy applicator
607121, A61N 105
Patent
active
052828441
ABSTRACT:
A small diameter, unipolar or bipolar, atrial or ventricular transvenous or epimyocardial pacing lead with a porous, platinized, steroid eluting cathode electrode exhibiting an effective surface area in the range of 0.1 to 4.0 mm.sup.2, preferably 0.6 to 3.0 mm.sup.2, provides low stimulation thresholds in the range of 0.5 volts, 0.5 milliseconds, very high pacing impedance (800 to 2,000 .OMEGA.), relatively low polarization, good to excellent sensing, and adequately low source impedance. The high pacing impedance prolongs the longevity of pacing pulse generators and allows for the miniaturization of their components. The low thresholds allow large safety factors at low applied voltages, which also contribute to increased battery longevity.
REFERENCES:
patent: 3476116 (1969-11-01), Parsonnet et al.
patent: 4502492 (1985-03-01), Bornzin
patent: 4506680 (1985-03-01), Stokes
patent: 4711251 (1987-12-01), Stokes
patent: 4934381 (1980-06-01), MacGregor
patent: 4953564 (1990-09-01), Berthelsen
Article by Seymour Furman, entitled: "Decreasing Electrode Size and Increasing Efficiency of Cardiac Stimulation", Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 11, No. 3, (Mar. 1971), pp. 105-110.
Article by Werner Irnich, entitled: "Considerations in Electrode Design for Permanent Pacing", Cardiac Pacing: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium of Cardiac Pacing (H. J. Thalen, Ed.) 1973, pp. 268-274.
Article by Fred W. Lindemans and Adriaen N. E. Zimmerman, entitled: "Acute Voltage, Charge, and Energy Thresholds as Functions of Electrode Size for Electrical Stimulation of the Canine Heart" Cardiovascular Research, vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 383-391 (Jul. 1979).
Article by Fred Heinemann, Richard Schallhorn and John Helland, entitled: "Clinical Performance of Steroid Eluting and Microporous Platinized Electrodes", 1 page. (date unknown).
Article by Richard Scallgorn and Kimberly Oleson, entitled: "Multi-Center Clinical Experience with an Improved Steroid-Eluting Pacemaker Lead", 1 page (date unknown).
Medtronic Product Brochure, entitled: "CAPSURE.RTM.SP Steroid-Eluting Endocardial Leads, Technical Manual", 10 pages (cover and pp. 1-9), (Sep. 1990).
Lindemans Fred
Stokes Kenneth B.
Duthler Reed A.
Getzow Scott M.
Kamm William E.
Medtronic Inc.
Patton Harold R.
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