High energy density capacitors and compounds for use in...

Details High energy density capacitors and compounds for use in... High energy density capacitors and compounds for use in...

1997-12-18

2001-02-06

Wu, David W. (Department: 1713)

Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser

Synthetic resins

Polymers from only ethylenic monomers or processes of...

C526S310000, C526S307000, C526S311000, C526S241000, C428S461000, C361S311000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06184324

ABSTRACT:

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to high energy density capacitors and the dielectric materials used therein. It particularly relates to dielectric materials of polymerized (alpha-substituted)acrylate monomers for use in a thin film capacitor, such as a polymer multilayer capacitor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Capacitors, which basically include two electrodes separated by a dielectric material, are used in a wide variety of electrical applications to accumulate and store an electrical charge. The development of electronic devices and circuits of reduced size has led to a need for significantly smaller capacitors having increased capacity per unit volume and high temperature capabilities.
Thin polymer films offer significant potential to produce smaller capacitors with increased capacity per unit volume. Such capacitors could therefore reduce the size of implantable devices, such as defibrillators, which currently use relatively large aluminum electrolytic capacitors in which the dielectric is aluminum oxide. Such large capacitors have an energy density of about 2 Joules/centimeter
3
(J/cm
3
), which leads to capacitors of about 15 cm
3
. Smaller and lighter weight capacitors having higher energy densities (e.g., at least about 3 J/cm
3
) would provide significant advantage in decreasing the size of implantable devices.
One type of small, high energy density capacitor is referred to as a polymer multilayer (PML) capacitor. Examples of such capacitors are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,499,520 (Cichanowski), 4,490,774 (Olson et al.), 4,954,371 (Yializis), 5,097,800 (Shaw et al.), and 5,032,461 (Shaw et al.). They are typically made by a vapor deposition process in which a polymerizable compound is vapor deposited onto a substrate and polymerized to form a polymer film. The polymerizable compounds are typically polymerized using electron beam or ultraviolet radiation. The polymer films are then typically metallized by either sputtering or vapor depositing a metal, such as aluminum. These processes (vapor coating, polymerizing, and metallizing) are repeated until the desired number of layers has been achieved.
Although there are a number of polymeric dielectric materials known for use in high energy density capacitors, such as PML capacitors, there is still a need for a wider variety of such materials that have the potential to produce smaller capacitors with increased capacity per unit volume. There is a particular need to produce small high energy density capacitors for use in high voltage defibrillators.
A number of patents and other documents have been reviewed in which polymeric dielectric materials are disclosed. Also, a number of patents have been reviewed in which capacitors, particularly PML capacitors, are disclosed. Although not admitted as prior art, these documents are listed among others in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1
LIST OF U.S. PATENTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
Patent No.
Inventor(s)
Issue Date
2,017,537
October 15, 1935
Hoffman et al.
2,368,521
January 30, 1945
Clifford et al.
2,589,674
March 18, 1952
Cook et al.
3,278,500
October 11, 1966
Bailey, Jr. et al.
3,354,087
November 21, 1967
Bailey, Jr. et al.
4,490,774
December 25, 1984
Olson et al.
4,499,520
February 12, 1985
Cichanowski
4,513,349
April 23, 1985
Olson et al.
4,515,931
May 7, 1985
Olson et al.
4,533,710
August 6, 1985
Olson et al.
4,586,111
April 29, 1986
Cichanowski
4,613,518
September 23, 1986
Ham et al.
4,613,658
September 23, 1986
Mathias et al.
4,793,949
December 27, 1988
Mathias et al.
4,889,948
December 26, 1989
Mathias et al.
4,906,767
March 6, 1990
Mathias et al.
4,940,796
July 10, 1990
Mathias et al.
4,954,371
September 4, 1990
Yializis
4,985,522
January 15, 1991
Mathias et al.
4,999,410
March 12, 1991
Mathias et al.
5,026,802
June 25, 1991
Mathias et al.
5,032,461
July 16, 1991
Shaw et al.
5,094,759
March 10, 1992
Mathias et al.
5,097,800
March 24, 1992
Shaw et al.
5,134,175
July 28, 1992
Lucey
5,137,936
August 11, 1992
Akiguchi et al.
5,225,272
July 6, 1993
Poole et al.
5,440,446
August 8, 1995
Shaw et al.
5,519,087
May 21, 1996
Tang
5,554,120
September 10, 1996
Chen et al.
5,565,523
October 15, 1996
Chen et al.
FR 740,410
1933
France
DE 570,677
1933
Germany
EP 146089 (abstract only)
1997
Europe
JP 5140234 (abstract only)
1991
Japan
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Multifunctional Acrylic Monomers”, Polymers of Biological and Bio-
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Byun et al., “Improved Syntheses of Ethyl”-(Bromomethyl) Acrylate and
2-Methylene-1,3-Propanediol Via Ethyl “-(Hydroxymethyl) Acrylate”,
Tetrahedron Letters, 35, pp. 1371-1374 (1994).
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Hillmyer, “The Preparation of Functionalized Polymers by Ring-Opening
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California 1995
Inamoto et al., “Revised Method for Calculation of Group Electro-
negativities”, Chemistry Letters, pp. 1003-1006 (1982).
Jariwala et al., “Syntheses, Polymerization, and Characterization of Novel
Semifluorinated Methacrylates, Including Novel Liquid Crystalline
Materials”, Macromolecules, 26, pp. 5129-5136 (1993).
Kiyooka et al., “Reactivity of “-Metal (group 4) Esters. Lewis Acid
Mediated Reactions of “-Triphenyltin Esters with Aldehydes and Acetals”,
The Chemical Society of Japan, 10, pp. 721-722 (1988).
Mathias et al., “Cyclopolymerization of the Ether of Methyl “-
(Hydroxymethyl)acrylate”, Macromolecules, 21, pp. 545-546 (1988).
Mathias et al., “New Difunctional Methacrylate Ethers and Acetals:
Readily Available Derivatives of
-Hydroxymethyl Acrylates”, Macro-
molecules, 20, pp. 2039-2041, (1987).
Mathias et al., “Superfast Methacrylate Photomonomers: Ester Derivatives
of Ethyl
-Hydroxymethacrylates”, Macromolecules, 28, pp. 8872-8874
(1995).
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N.Y. (cover page and table of contents).
“Polymers of Biological and Biomedical Significance”, ACS Symposium
Series (Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc. at the 204
th
National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society); Washington, D.C. (1994).
Reed et al., “The Fundamentals of Aging in HV Polymer-film Capacitors”,
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1, pp. 904-922
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Reaction of Aldehydes and Acrylates”, Macromolecules, 26, pp.
2981-2982 (1993).
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Cyclopolymerization”, Macromolecules, 24, pp. 2029-2035 (1991).
“The Chemistry of Acrylonitrile” American Cyanamid Company;
Petrochemicals Department. New York, N.Y. (cover page and table of
contents).
Thompson et al., “Facile Synthesis and Polymerization of Ether
Substituted Methacrylates”, Polymer Journal, 27, pp. 325-338 (1995).
Tsuda et al., “Cyclopolymerization of ether dimers of
-
(hydroxymethyl)acrylic acid and its alkyl esters: substitutent effect on
cyclization efficiency and microstructures”, Polymer, 35, pp. 3317-3328
(1994).
Tsuda et al., “New Dicyano-Containing Cyclopolymers Having High
Stereoregularity Derived from Dimethacrylmalononitrile”,
Macromolecules, 26, pp. 6359-6363 (1993).
Tsuda et al., “Cyclopolymerization of Diallyl Malononitrile and the
Thioether Dimer of Ethyl “-Chloromethylacrylate”, Pure Appl. Chem.,
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Arkiv f {overscore (r)} Kemi, 3, p. 59-

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