Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Plant – seedling – plant seed – or plant part – per se – Higher plant – seedling – plant seed – or plant part
Reexamination Certificate
2000-03-10
2003-09-02
Fox, David T. (Department: 1638)
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Plant, seedling, plant seed, or plant part, per se
Higher plant, seedling, plant seed, or plant part
C435S418000, C800S266000, C800S298000, C800S300000, C800S269000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06613963
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention is in the field of
Brassica juncea
breeding (i.e., Brassica), specifically relating to the development of stable herbicide tolerant
Brassica juncea
lines, plants and plant parts. A method of producing stable herbicide tolerant
Brassica juncea
lines, plants and plant parts is also provided.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Several Brassica species are recognized as an increasingly important oilseed crop and a source of high quality protein meal in many parts of the world. The oil extracted from the seeds commonly contains a lesser concentration of endogenously formed saturated fatty acids than other vegetable oils and is well suited for use in the production of salad oil or other food products or in cooking or frying applications. The oil also finds utility in industrial applications. Additionally, the meal component of the seeds can be used as a nutritious protein concentrate for livestock.
The three primary Brassica species currently utilized for Brassica production and development are
Brassica napus, Brassica rapa
and
Brassica juncea,
each of which belong to the family Brassicaceae.
Brassica juncea
is currently grown as an oilseed in India and China. As
Brassica juncea
tolerates heat and drought conditions to a greater extent than
Brassica napus
and
Brassica rapa,
there is potential for
Brassica juncea
production in certain areas of the United States, Canada and Australia. Table 1 contains a comparative description of the general characteristics of
Brassica napus, Brassica rapa
and
Brassica juncea
compiling information from the Canola Council of Canada worldwide web site and the USDA circular number C857 by Albina Musil USDA1950C857 (1951).
Brassica juncea
is commonly grown as a condiment mustard species in several countries including Canada, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, China, Nepal and India. Mustard quality
Brassica juncea
is typically high in glucosinolate and high in erucic acid content, but is relatively low in oil content. Mustard seed can be used in whole seed or crushed form. Seed may be milled into flour or the oil may be extracted for use in cooking. High glucosinolate and high erucic acid types are quality variants within the same species, differing only in quality parameters. As a result, cross breeding between low and high glucosinolate or erucic acid genotypes are easily made.
Certain genotypes of
Brassica juncea
generally possess relatively low erucic acid levels in the oil and low glucosinolate levels in the meal. Therefore, certain commercial varieties of
Brassica juncea
may be developed that can be termed “CANOLA®” in accordance with the trademark of the Canola Council of Canada, which refers to forms of oilseed Brassica with erucic acid of <2% in the oil and total glucosinolates of <30 micromoles/gram of defatted meal
TABLE 1
Key morphological differences separating
Brassica napus
,
Brassica juncea
and
Brassica rapa
oilseeds and mustards
Trait/Species
Brassica napus
Brassica juncea
Brassica rapa
Growth habit
Spring and Winter
Spring
Spring and Winter
Cotyledon
Smooth on underside
Small - 5/16 to 9/16 inch
Spiny and wrinkled on
morphology
Large - 5/8 to 7/8 inches
across
underside
across
Less lobed than napus - lighter
Small - 5/16 to 9/16 inch
Heart-shaped cotyledon and
green color
across
dark green in color
Less lobed than napus -
lighter green color
First leaf
Oblong or shield shaped,
Oblong, bright green and hairy
Oblong, bright green to
morphology
thin, bluish-green in color,
light bluish-green, sparingly
smooth with a few hairs near
hairy
the margin
Flowers
Buds borne above open
Open flowers borne above buds
Compact bud clusters, buds
flowers
held below uppermost open
flowers
Pollination
Principally self-pollinating
Principally self-pollinating and
Principally cross-pollinated
and mostly self-compatible
mostly self-compatible
and self-incompatible
(although there is one self-
pollinating, self-compatible
variety known as Yellow
sarson)
Leaf morphology
Leaf blade only partially
Small petiole attaches leaf to
Leaf blade clasps stem
clasps stem
stem
completely
Lyrate in form
Margins with irregular shallow
Roughly oblong with
indentations
coarsely toothed margins
Seed color
Black
Brown and/or yellow
Brown and/or yellow
Ploidy
Amphidiploid (AACC)
Amphidiploid (AABB)
Diploid (AA)
2 copies of rapa genome
2 copies of rapa genome (AA)
2 copies of rapa genome
(AA)
2 copies of nigra genome (BB)
(AA)
2 copies of oleraceae genome
(CC)
The genomic composition of canola species are as follows (FIG.
1
).
Brassica rapa,
a diploid species, contains only the A (
rapa
) genome and has a genomic constitution of AA.
Brassica napus
is an amphidiploid with the
rapa
(A) and
oleraceae
(C) genomes and is listed as AACC.
Brassica juncea
is also an amphidiploid with the
rapa
(A) genome and the
nigra
(B) genome. Genetically,
Brassica juncea
is listed as AABB.
During pollen and ovule formation, the chromosomes within each genome will pair with their homologues (i.e., ‘A’ chromosomes will pair with ‘A’, ‘B’ will pair with ‘B’), and it is extremely rare to have pairing of A and B or A and C. This pairing may be forced by repeated crossing and careful selection of plant phenotype during breeding, although there is no expectation that a trait from one genome may be combined with a trait from the other genome.
Brassica sp. cultivars are developed through breeding programs that utilize techniques such as mass and recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding and haploidy. Recurrent selection is used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating Brassica. Through recurrent selection, a genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes.
Breeding programs use backcross breeding to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into another line that serves as the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. After the initial cross, individual plants possessing the desired trait of the donor parent are selected and are crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent for several generations. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. This approach has been used for breeding disease resistant phenotypes of many plant species. However, certain traits are difficult to transfer by backcross breeding because other attributes of the recurrent parent are linked to the desirable trait, and therefore it is difficult to develop a resulting plant with all of the attributes of the recurrent parent and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. Backcrossing has been used to transfer low erucic acid and low glucosinolate content into lines and breeding populations of Brassica.
Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop lines from breeding populations. Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or which complements the other. If the two original parents do not provide all of the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive generations. In the succeeding generations the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding five or more generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F
1
to F
2
; F
2
to F
3
; F
3
to F
4
; F
4
to F
5
, etc. For example, two parents that are believe
Arora Rakesh K.
Charne David G.
Gingera Gregory R.
Patel Jayantilal D.
Callistein Steven J.
Fox David T.
Kruse David H
Pioneer Hi-Bred International , Inc.
Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc.
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