Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Fermentation processes – Of plant or plant derived material
Patent
1998-11-03
2000-12-19
Hendricks, Keith D.
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Fermentation processes
Of plant or plant derived material
426 46, 426630, A23K 100, A23L 120
Patent
active
06162473&
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods for feeding monogastric animals, and more particularly to methods employing one or more hemicellulases, such as mannanase, that decrease the feed to gain, or increase the weight gain of animals fed a low caloric diet containing the enzyme.
2. Background
The world population continues to grow, but land for food production is finite. J. E. Cohen, Discover 17: 42-47, (1996). In order to keep up with the growing food demand, improvements in the utilization of food resources will be needed to maintain the current living standards. One approach to improved efficiency has been to enhance the digestion of feeds by the inclusion of enzymes. Chesson, A., Supplementary enzymes to improve the utilization of pig and poultry diets, pp 71-89, In Haresign, W. and D. J. A. Cole (eds), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition--1987, Butterworths, London. Enzymatically aided digestion not only yields more meat per pound of feed, but also reduces the volume of manure and the disposal cost.
Four types of enzymes have been clearly recognized in the marketplace for their value in animal feeds. In diets that contain wheat, rye or triticale, the enzyme xylanase (endo-1,4-.beta.-D-xylanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.8) has been shown to be beneficial. Pettersson et al., British Journal of Nutrition 62: 139-149, 1989). Wheat, rye and the wheat/rye hybrid triticale contain large amounts of the non-starch polysaccharide arabinoxylan in the endosperm cell wall. The arabinoxylan is not digested by monogastric animals, but is hydrolyzed by microbial xylanase.
A second example of an enzyme with widespread use in feeds is .beta.-glucanase [cellulase, endo-1,4-.beta.-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase E.C. 3.2.1.4; or endo-1,3-(1,3;1,4)-.beta.-D-glucan 3(4)-glucanohydrolase E.C. 3.2.1.6] that has been shown to be especially beneficial in diets containing barley and oats. Rotter et al., Nutrition Reports International 39: 107-120 (1989). As well as interfering with digestion, the glucan causes wet sticky manure that induces breast blisters on poultry. In practice, xylanase and .beta.-glucanase are applied together since arabinoxylan and glucan are both present in the cereal grains. Pettersson et al., Animal Production 51: 201-20 (1990).
The use of enzymes that cleave phosphorus from phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is a third example of the beneficial use of enzymes in animal feed. Simons et al., British Journal of Nutrition 64: 525-540 (1990). In monogastric animals the phosphate is not released from phytic acid during digestion but is released in the manure through microbial action. Phytic acid has a significant content in typical feeds. Phosphate run-off becomes a problem during manure disposal by causing eutrophication of nearby rivers, lakes or bays. Incorporation of phytase lowers the phosphate content in the manure and significantly decreases the need to add phosphate salts to diets.
Mannanase is another enzyme that has gained commercial use in corn and soybean based diets. The decreased feed to gain, or increased weight gain, of monogastric animals fed a diet containing mannanase was unexpected in a diet based on corn. Until the discovery that bacterial endo-1,4-.beta.-D-mannanase (E.C. 3.2.1.78, also known as mannan endo-1,4-.beta.-mannosidase, see McCleary, B. V., .beta.-D-Mannanase, Methods in Enzymology 160: 596-609, 1988) increases feed efficiency in corn-soybean diets, enzymes were infrequently used in poultry or swine feeds grown on corn-soy diets. U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,828, incorporated herein by reference, teaches a method of improving the energy efficiency of hemicellulose-containing animal feed by means of adding a hemicellulase, specifically mannanase, to the diet.
The positive effect of adding endo-1,4-.beta.-D-mannanase on feeding efficiency was unexpected in a diet based on corn. In barley or oats that contain mixed-linked glucan, or wheat, rye and triticale that contain arabinoxylan, the anti-nutritive polymer represents a large perce
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Fodge Douglas W.
Hsiao Humg-Yu
Chemgen Corporation
Hendricks Keith D.
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