Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Carbohydrates or derivatives
Reexamination Certificate
1998-05-19
2001-03-06
Fox, David T. (Department: 1638)
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates or derivatives
C435S320100
Reexamination Certificate
active
06197948
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) proteins, DNA molecules encoding these proteins, and their uses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The world's most widely grown fruit crop, the grape (Vitis sp.), is cultivated on all continents except Antarctica. However, major grape production centers are in European countries (including Italy, Spain, and France), which constitute about 70% of the world grape production (Mullins et al.,
Biology of the Grapevine
, Cambridge, U.K.:University Press (1992)). The United States, with 300,000 hectares of grapevines, is the eighth largest grape grower in the world. Although grapes have many uses, a major portion of grape production (~80%) is used for wine production. Unlike cereal crops, most of the world's vineyards are planted with traditional grapevine cultivars, which have been perpetuated for centuries by vegetative propagation. Several important grapevine virus and virus-like diseases, such as grapevine leafroll, corky bark, and Rupestris stem pitting, are transmitted and spread through the use of infected vegetatively propagated materials. Thus, propagation of certified, virus-free materials is one of the most important disease control measures. Traditional breeding for disease resistance is difficult due to the highly heterozygous nature and outcrossing behavior of grapevines, and due to polygenic patterns of inheritance. Moreover, introduction of a new cultivar may be prohibited by custom or law. Recent biotechnology developments have made possible the introduction of special traits, such as disease resistance, into an established cultivar without altering its horticultural characteristics.
Many plant pathogens, such as fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, viruses, and nematodes can infect grapes, and the resultant diseases can cause substantial losses in production (Pearson et al.,
Compendium of Grape Diseases
, American Phytopathological Society Press (1988)). Among these, viral diseases constitute a major hindrance to profitable growing of grapevines. About 34 viruses have been isolated and characterized from grapevines. The major virus diseases are grouped into: (1) the grapevine degeneration caused by the fanleaf nepovirus, other European nepoviruses, and American nepoviruses, (2) the leafroll complex, and (3) the rugose wood complex (Martelli, ed.,
Graft Transmissible Diseases of Grapevines, Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis
, FAO, UN, Rome, Italy (1993)).
Of the major virus diseases, the grapevine leafroll complex is the most widely distributed throughout the world. According to Goheen (“Grape Leafroll,” in Frazier et al., eds.,
Virus Diseases of Small Fruits and Grapevines
(
A Handbook
), University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Berkeley, Calif., USA, pp. 209-212 (1970) (“Goheen (1970)”), grapevine leafroll-like disease was described as early as the 1850s in German and French literature. However, the viral nature of the disease was first demonstrated by Scheu (Scheu, “Die Rollkrankheit des Rebstockes (Leafroll of grapevine),”
D. D. Weinbau
14:222-358 (1935) (“Scheu (1935)”)). In 1946, Harmon and Snyder (Harmon et al., “Investigations on the Occurrence, Transmission, Spread and Effect of ‘White’ Fruit Colour in the Emperor Grape,”
Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
74:190-194 (1946)) determined the viral nature of White Emperor disease in California. It was later proven by Goheen et al. (Goheen et al., “Leafroll (White Emperor Disease) of Grapes in California,
Phytopathology,
48:51-54 (1958) (“Goheen (1958)”)) that both leafroll and “White Emperor” diseases were the same, and only the name “leafroll” was retained.
Leafroll is a serious viral disease of grapes and occurs wherever grapes are grown. This wide distribution of the disease has come about through the propagation of diseased vines. It affects almost all cultivated and rootstock varieties of Vitis. Although the disease is not lethal, it causes yield losses and reduction of sugar content. Scheu estimated in 1936 that 80 per cent of all grapevines planted in Germany were infected (Scheu,
Mein Winzerbuch
, Berlin:Reichsnahrstand-Verlags (1936)). In many California wine grape vineyards, the incidence of leafroll (based on a survey of field symptoms conducted in 1959) agrees with Scheu's initial observation in German vineyards (Goheen et al., “Studies of Grape Leafroll in California,”
Amer. J. Enol. Vitic.,
10:78-84 (1959)). The current situation on leafroll disease does not seem to be any better (Goheen, “Diseases Caused by Viruses and Viruslike Agents,”
The American Phytopathological Society
, St. Paul, Minn.:APS Press, 1:47-54 (1988) (“Goheen (1988)”). Goheen also estimated that the disease causes an annual loss of about 5-20 per cent of the total grape production (Goheen (1970) and Goheen (1988)). The amount of sugar in individual berries of infected vines is only about ½ to ⅔ that of berries from noninfected vines (Goheen (1958)).
Symptoms of leafroll disease vary considerably depending upon the cultivar, environment, and time of the year. On red or dark-colored fruit varieties, the typical downward rolling and interveinal reddening of basal, mature leaves is the most prevalent in autumn; but not in spring or early summer. On light-colored fruit varieties however, symptoms are less conspicuous, usually with downward rolling accompanied by interveinal chlorosis. Moreover, many infected rootstock cultivars do not develop symptoms. In these cases, the disease is usually diagnosed with a woody indicator indexing assay using
Vitis vivifera
cv. Carbernet Franc (Goheen (1988)).
Ever since Scheu demonstrated that leafroll was graft transmissible, a virus etiology has been suspected (Scheu (1935)). Several virus particle types have been isolated from leafroll diseased vines. These include potyvirus-like (Tanne et al., “Purification and Characterization of a Virus Associated with the Grapevine Leafroll Disease,”
Phytopathology,
67:442-447 (1977)), isometric virus-like (Castellano et al.,“Virus-like Particles and Ultrastructural Modifications in the Phloem of Leafroll-affected Grapevines,”
Vitis,
22:23-39 (1983) (“Castellano (1983)”) and Namba et al., “A Small Spherical Virus Associated with the Ajinashika Disease of Koshu Grapevine,
Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan,
45:70-73 (1979)), and closterovirus-like (Namba, “Grapevine Leafroll Virus, a Possible Member of Closteroviruses,
Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan,
45:497-502 (1979)) particles. In recent years, however, long flexuous closteroviruses ranging from 1,400 to 2,200 nm have been most consistently associated with leafroll disease (
FIG. 1
) (Castellano (1983), Faoro et al., “Association of a Possible Closterovirus with Grapevine Leafroll in Northern Italy,”
Riv. Patol. Veg., Ser IV,
17:183-189 (1981), Gugerli et al., “L'enroulement de la vigne: mise en évidence de particules virales et développement d'une méthode immuno-enzymatique pour le diagnostic rapide (Grapevine Leafroll: Presence of Virus Particles and Development of an Immuno-enzyme method for Diagnosis and Detection),”
Rev. Suisse Viticult. Arboricult. Hort.,
16:299-304 (1984) (“Gugerli (1984)”), Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,”
J. Phytopathol.,
128:1-14 (1990) (“Hu (1990)”), Milne et al., “Closterovirus-like Particles of Two Types Associated with Diseased Grapevines,”
Phytopathol. Z.,
110:360-368 (1984), Zee et al., “Cytopathology of Leafroll-diseased Grapevines and the Purification and Serology of Associated Closteroviruslike Particles,” Phytopathology, 77:1427-1434 (1987) (“Zee (1987)”), and Zimmermann et al., “Characterization and Serological Detection of Four Closterovirus-like Particles Associated with Leafroll Disease on Grapevine,”
J. Phytopathol.,
130:205-218 (1990) (“Zimmermann (1990)”)). These closteroviruses are referred to as grapevine leafroll associated viruses (“GLRaV”). At least six serologically distinct types of GLRaV's (GLRaV-1 to -6) have been detect
Gonsalves Dennis
Ling Kai-Shu
Zhu Hai-Ying
Clark & Elbing LLP
Cornell Research Foundation Inc.
Fox David T.
Mehta Ashwin D.
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