Modulators – Frequency modulator – Plural modulation
Reexamination Certificate
1999-05-14
2001-03-20
Vu, David (Department: 2821)
Modulators
Frequency modulator
Plural modulation
C332S151000, C329S316000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06204735
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus and method for geometrically modifying electromagnetic radiation to create unique waveforms generated by a signaling power supply. These waveforms have hitherto been unknown as transmission carrier waves and are useful in the transmission of data and other electromagnetic wave applications.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Radio waves are electromagnetic radiation over a defined frequency range. That part of the electromagnetic spectrum used for all forms of communication is commonly referred to as the radio spectrum.
The radio spectrum spans low frequency waves (under 10 kilohertz with a length of several kilometers) to very high frequency waves (300 gigahertz, with a length of around 1 millimeter).
The radio spectrum is considered to be a limited natural resource, and is in many instances overcrowded and subject to interference from a variety of electromagnetic transmitters competing for limited space.
Several transmission systems have been in practical use for many decades, among them continuous-wave unmodulated (CW), and various amplitude modulated (AM) and frequency modulated (FM) transmission systems. More recently developed is the so called “double modulation”, or AM with pulse-width modulation.
Continuous-wave unmodulated radio signals are those used worldwide by amateur radio enthusiasts and others. This simplest of transmitters consists of a crystal oscillator and a variable frequency oscillator which provide a stable frequency. The power supply drives the oscillator, which emits an unmodulated carrier wave at a selected frequency. This signal may be alternatively connected or disconnected by a standard telegraph key, and sent through an amplifier and antenna. This, in essence, is a Morse-code transmitter.
AM and FM transmitters “modulate” a radio signal or carrier by changing a particular characteristic of the radio signal, either its amplitude by constructive or destructive interference with a lower frequency signal, or its frequency by electronic manipulation.
AM SYSTEMS
AM systems work by varying the amplitude of an RF signal in response to data input such as a microphone or audio input. Amplitude modulation is the result of the algebraic summation of the partial sums consisting of the carrier signal and a message signal. The message signal is a lower-frequency (audio and the like) signal, while the carrier is a high frequency signal generated by an oscillator. When the two signals are superposed, they interfere either destructively or constructively, causing the phenomenon known as “beats”. A receiver tuned to the appropriate frequency can interpret the beat frequency and decode the audio or other data output.
The addition does not take place in a medium, rather, it takes place in the electron stream between the cathode and anode, with the introduction of the modulating signals at the grids of a traditional vacuum tube. When this modulation occurs in a transistor, it is at the P-N junction (solid state).
Amplitude modulation is a misnomer, it is better described as harmonic rearrangement, wherein the amplitude is varied by changing the harmonic content.
This traditional modulation is represented by the following equations, which equations are provided to explain the theoretical basis for traditional amplitude modulation to assist in further understanding of the applicant's invention only, and are in no way deemed to be limitations of the invention.
The first equation represents the addition of two electromagnetic waves in a vacuum tube. This summing is brought about by the thermonic work function:
ε
=
σ
KT
(
A
2
2
-
A
2
1
)
-
(
A
1
A
2
)
2
φ
2
(
X
)
Providing the energy function for the summation of the waves:
&PSgr;
1
=A
1
e
i&ohgr;
1
t
and
&PSgr;
2
=A
2
e
i&ohgr;
2
with scattering angle “&thgr;t”, &dgr;=e
i&thgr;t
, and scattering parameter “&dgr;”
βψ
1
+
ψ
2
=
Ψ
=
A
1
ⅇ
ⅈ
(
ω
1
+
θ
)
t
+
A
2
ⅇ
ⅈ
ω
2
t
±
σ
KT
(
A
2
2
-
A
2
1
)
-
(
A
1
A
2
)
2
φ
2
(
X
)
Changing the harmonic content of the waves enables the amplitudes to become equal, minimizing the energy and changing the work function to
&egr;=±
i
&phgr;(
x
)
where “x” is the paramagnetic susceptibility. The basic summation is given by:
&PSgr;=A
1
e
i(&ohgr;
1
+&thgr;)t
+A
2
e
i(&ohgr;
2
)t
And wherein A
1
=A
2
=A
ψ
=
A
ⅇ
ⅈ
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
{
ⅇ
ⅈ
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
+
ⅇ
ⅈ
(
ω
2
-
ω
1
-
θ
2
)
t
}
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
A
ⅇ
ⅈ
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
{
ⅇ
ⅈ
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
+
ⅇ
-
ⅈ
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
}
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
A
ⅇ
ⅈ
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
cos
[
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
2
)
+
ω
2
]
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
2
A
{
cos
[
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
+
i
sin
[
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
t
]
}
cos
[
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
2
A
{
cos
[
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
cos
[
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
+
i
sin
[
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
cos
[
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
}
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
2
A
{
1
2
cos
[
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
2
-
ω
1
-
ω
2
2
)
t
]
+
1
2
cos
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
2
+
ω
1
-
ω
2
2
+
θ
)
t
]
+
i
sin
[
(
ω
1
+
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
cos
[
(
ω
1
-
ω
2
+
θ
2
)
t
]
}
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
A
{
cos
(
(
ω
_
-
ω
Δ
)
t
)
+
cos
(
ω
_
+
ω
Δ
+
θ
}
+
iA
sin
[
(
ω
_
+
θ
2
)
t
]
cos
[
ω
Δ
+
θ
2
)
t
]
±
i
φ
(
x
)
θ
t
=
π
-
α
t
ψ
=
A
{
cos
[
(
ω
_
-
ω
Δ
)
t
]
+
cos
[
(
ω
_
+
ω
Δ
+
α
)
t
+
π
]
}
+
iA
sin
[
(
ω
_
+
θ
2
)
t
]
cos
(
ω
Δ
+
θ
2
)
t
]
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
A
{
cos
[
(
ω
_
-
ω
Δ
)
t
]
-
cos
[
(
ω
_
+
ω
Δ
-
α
)
t
]
}
+
iA
sin
[
(
ω
_
+
θ
2
)
t
]
cos
(
ω
Δ
+
θ
2
)
t
]
±
i
φ
(
x
)
ψ
=
A
cos
[
(
ω
_
-
ω
Δ
)
t
]
-
A
cos
[
(
ω
_
+
ω
Δ
α
)
t
]
+
B
sin
(
ω
_
t
)
+
iA
sin
[
(
ω
_
+
θ
2
)
t
]
cos
(
ω
Δ
+
θ
2
)
t
]
±
i
φ
(
x
)
-
B
sin
(
ω
_
t
)
The resulting modulated wave is therefore:
&PSgr;=A cos[({overscore (&ohgr;)}−&ohgr;
&dgr;
)
t
]+B sin({overscore (&
Connolly Bove & Lodge & Hutz LLP
Quantum Optics Corporation
Vu David
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