Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Method of chemically – radiologically – or spontaneously...
Patent
1996-07-19
2000-04-18
Smith, Lynette R. F.
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Method of chemically, radiologically, or spontaneously...
800277, 800295, 800298, 800300, 800308, 800307, 800310, A01H 500, A01H 100
Patent
active
060517522
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a genetic male gametophytic factor responsible for a defective endosperm phenotype in seeds. The invention also relates to plants comprising the said factor, especially those obtained from such seeds and the use of such plants in processes for obtaining hybrid seeds and hybrid plants.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the majority of angiosperms, during the seed development, after fertilization, reserves accumulate in a particular tissue, called endosperm, which is generally triploid.
The endosperm will provide the embryo for feeding. It results from the fusion of one of the two spermatic nuclei (male) with both polar nuclei of embryo sac (female).
This endosperm divides very actively, but in a very peculiar manner; nuclei are not separated by cell walls, but are placed on the periphery of the embryo sac forming a coenocytic mass, which covers sac walls and progresses little by little towards inside.
Later on, and depending on species, this mass will or not segment and transform into a true cellular tissue. In the embryo sac, the embryo develops, from globular state to its final state through various intermediate states, which depend on the species (e.g. in melon: cordiform then torpedo and finally cotyledonous states). In the meantime, endosperm grows at the expense of nucellus, which resorbs progressively, in such a way that in mature seed, endosperm gets in direct contact with teguments.
But in some cases, endosperm disappears progressively and reserves accumulate then into cotyledons which become thicker and puffed, and fill in all the seed.
The seed is then designated as "non endospermic". This type of seed is met in numerous botanical families, as Cruciferae (e.g. brassicas, rape seed), Papillonaceae (e.g. legumes as bean, pea, soyabean), Cucurbitaceae (e.g. melon, cucumber, squash), Compositae (e.g. sunflower).
In opposite, cereals (including maize), solanaceae, and many other cultivated plants have endospermic seeds. In endospermic seeds, reserves which remain within endosperm instead of accumulating into cotyledons are directly mobilized from endosperm during germination process.
It is already known that physicochemical gradients inside endosperm (Ryczkowski, 1967) and nutrients provided to the embryo (Monnier, 1980) are decisive for a normal morphogenetic expression which will lead to autotrophy.
It has also been demonstrated that chemically induced mutations affecting endosperm development could result in a more or less strong embryo lethality in maize (Neuffer and Sheridan, 1980) or in Arabidopsis (Meinke, 1985).
It is also known that, in higher plants, there are a large number of genes expressed during the male gametophytic phase (i.e. the haploid development phase in which male reproductive cells called "male gametes" differentiate). A large portion of these genes are also expressed in the sporophytic phase (i.e. the phase corresponding to the diploid development till the next gametophytic phase, of the organism issued from a zygote--or egg--which results from the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization) (Mascarenhas et al. 1986).
It has also been observed that components of pollen development and function show positive correlations with endosperm development (Mulcahy 1971, Ottaviano et al., 1980), and that some alleles determining defective endosperm in maize (Ottoviano et al. 1988) and lethal embryo in Arabidopsis (Meinke 1982, 1985, Meinke and Baus 1986) are expressed in the male gametophyte. In this last case, the detection of defective endosperm mutant genes affecting the male gametophytic generation is mainly based on distortion from the expected mendelian segregation, and on heterogeneity between ovary sectors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an x-ray of spread and thin cotyledons, a characteristic of a defective endosperm phenotype, in seeds from B69 melon line.
FIG. 2 shows an x-ray of normal melon seeds from the Vedrantais melon line (control genotype).
FIG. 3 shows the amplification in an agar
REFERENCES:
patent: 4513532 (1985-04-01), Muirhead, Jr. et al.
Welsh. Fundemental of Plant Genetics and Breeding. 1985.
Sauton. Scientia Horticulturae. 1988. vol. 35: 71-75.
Ottaviano et al. Theore. Appl. Genetics. 1988. vol. 75: 252-258.
Sauton and de Vaulex. 1987. Agronomie. vol. 7: 141-148.
Sauton. Eucapia Cucurbits-31/05,01-02/06-Montavet, France. 1989.
Sauton et al. Acta Horticulturae. 1989. vol. 253: 131-135.
Sauton et al., Use of Soft X-ray Technique To Detect Haploid Embryos In Immature Seeds Of Melon, Acta Horticulture 253, 1989, pp. 131-135.
Ottaviano et al., Gametophytic expression of genes controlling endosperm development in maize, International Journal of Breeding Research and Cell Genetics, vol. 75, No. 2, 1988, pp. 252-258.
Sauton, Effect of Season and Genotype on Gynogenetic Haploid Production in Muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., Scientia Horticulturae, 35, 1988 pp. 71-75.
Mayo, The Theory of Plant Breeding, Clarendon Press, 1980, pp. 193-195.
Sauton et al., Obtention de plantes haploides chez le melon (Cucmis melo L.) par gynogenese induite par du pollen irradie, Agronomie, 1987, 7(2), pp. 141-148.
Allard, Principles Of Plant Breeding, 1960, pp. 424-426.
Sauton, Doubled Haploid Production In Melon, Eucarpia Cucurbits, 1988, pp. 119-128.
Meinke, Embryo-lethal mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana: analysis of mutants with a wide range of lethal phases, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol. 69, 1985, pp. 543-552.
Gabillard Daniel
Gonon Yves
Sauton Annie
Petosluis Recherche France
Smith Lynette R. F.
Zaghmout Ousama M-Faiz
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