Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving hydrolase
Reexamination Certificate
1999-09-08
2001-10-16
Achutamurthy, Ponnathapu (Department: 1652)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving hydrolase
C435S006120, C435S320100, C435S325000, C435S252300, C435S254110, C435S419000, C536S023100, C536S023200
Reexamination Certificate
active
06303327
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the field of identification of expressed genes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
For some years one of the prime objectives of gene technology has been the isolation and identification of genes. For this there is available a whole range of procedures, which have been directed in effect at the isolation, and identification of permanently expressed genes.
The isolation and/or identification of genes which are expressed only transiently, as for example the genes responsible for programmed cell death, cell-cycle genes, DNA repair genes and differentiation-specific genes, is much more difficult.
To identify such genes in mammalian cells, where genetic analysis by the use of Drosophila melanogaster is unsuitable, a process has been developed which is based on the induction of gene fusions between a reporter gene without promotor and the control elements of a cellular gene via specific vectors, which are described as “gene traps” or “promotor traps”. Various types of vector have been developed for insertion mutagenesis in mammals, whereby a reporter gene is inserted into the chromosome at a large number of places depending on chance, including in transcriptionally active areas. During selection for gene expression, clones are retained in which the reporter gene is fused with the regulatory elements of an endogenous gene. In this way the vectors act as gene traps and provide a very helpful means for the analysis of gene function (Reviews in Hill & Wurst, 1993; Hill & Wurst 1993; von Melchner et al 1993; von Melchner & Ruley, 1995). In the majority of cases the gene-trapping vectors are transduced as recombinant retroviruses, although electroporated DNA is also used. The retroviruses display the advantage that they integrate in several areas throughout the entire genome and hence scarcely damage the neighbouring DNA (Varmus, 1988; Coffin et al., 1989; Goff, 1990; Sandmeyer et al., 1990; Withers/Ward et al., 1994).
It could be demonstrated that the gene traps are a practical means of analysing gene function in mice. Since totipotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are used as cellular targets, mouse strains displaying inactivated gene function on account of mutations can be constructed. Unlike with gene splitting due to homologous recombination, the gene-trapping processes are not confined to genes, are sustainable for the cloned sequences and hence represent a process for the isolation and identification of genes as yet unknown.
Nevertheless, in order to identify and isolate genes which must first be induced in cells, that is, which are not continuously being transcribed, for example transient genes, such as genes responsible for programmed cell death, cell cycle genes, DNA repair genes and differentiation specific genes, an additional process is necessary, in order conclusively to identify the transient cellular promotor captured in the gene trap, for instance through a durable signal independent of the promotor activity. Approximately 50% of the genes which are switched off in ES cell lines following infection/electroporation by gene-trapping vectors, manifest recessive phenotypes in mice (Friedrich and Soriano, 1991; Skarnes et al., 1992; von Melchner et al., 1992). This frequency is ten times greater than that observed following accidental insertion of retroviruses or microinjection of DNA (Gridley et al., 1987; Jaenisch et al., 1985). Due to this high efficiency of gene inactivation it appears sensible to isolate cell lines which display integration in most of the genes expressed (2-4×10
4
). It is not very practical, however, to transfer all mutations into the original line; furthermore many mutations result in genes of more limited significance. Consequently it would be desirable to exchange mutagenized ES cell clones for mutations relevant to important biological processes or genes.
With reference to this, those strategies are especially suitable which involve the preliminary selection of ES cell clones from interesting in vitro mutations, and for this employ a reporter gene to identify mutations e.g. in differentiation-specific genes. Although cultivated ES cells might have expressed genes which are not expressed in vivo, in 12 cases fusion genes were found which were expressed in ES cells as well as in embryos (De Gregory et al., 1994; Reddy et al., 1992). It further appears to be the case that a change in the expression of fusion genes during differentiation in vitro very closely predicts the change in expression during in vivo development (Reddy et al., 1992). This is in general agreement with earlier observations, in which in vitro-regulated genes were also strictly regulated in vivo (Muthuchamy et al., 1993; Rappotee et al., 1988; Rogers et al., 1991; Scholer et al., 1990; Sharpe et al., 1990).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention under consideration concerns a gene-trapping construct containing a first reporter gene, which after activation can activate a second reporter gene, and the use of this gene-trapping construct for identification and/or isolation of genes, especially transiently expressed (transient) genes.
In addition the invention under consideration concerns a cell, preferably a mammalian cell, which contains the abovementioned gene-trapping construct. Besides this the invention under consideration concerns the use of this mammalian cell for identification and/or isolation of genes, particularly transient genes. Furthermore the invention concerns a vector containing the abovementioned gene-trapping construct, as well as a kit, containing at least the abovementioned gene-trapping construct or the abovementioned vector, for the identification and/or isolation of genes, particularly transient genes.
In conclusion the invention under consideration concerns a process for the identification and/or isolation of genes, particularly transient genes.
It was therefore intended according to the invention under consideration to prepare a gene-trapping construct which made possible the isolation and identification of genes, especially transient genes, in a particularly advantageous way. A further purpose in respect to the invention under consideration was to provide a cell as well as a vector which maintained this gene-trapping construct, together with a kit for the identification and/or isolation of genes.
In conclusion, it was an intention according to the invention under consideration to present a process for the identification and/or isolation of genes, especially transient genes.
REFERENCES:
patent: 5434066 (1995-07-01), Bebee et al.
Anton et al. Site-Specific Recombination Mediated by an Adenovirus Vector Expressing the Cre Recombinase Protein: a Molecular Switch for Control of Gene Expression. J. of Virology (1995) 69(8): 4600-4606 Aug. 1995.*
Russ et al. Self-Deleting Retrovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy. J. of Virology (1996) 70(8): 4927-4932, Aug. 1995.*
Gottschalk et al. Molecular regulation of the human IL-3 gene: inducible T cell-restricted expression requires intact AP-1 and Elf-1 nuclear protein binding sites. J. Experimental Medicine (1993) 178(5): 1681-1692 (Abstract only) Nov. 1993.*
Rosetto et al. Signals from the IL-1 receptor homolog, Toll, can Activate an immune response in a Drosophila hemocyte cell line. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (1995) 209(1) 111-116 (Abstract only), Apr. 1995.*
Coffin et al. (1989), “Genetics of Endogenous Murine Leukemia Viruses,”Ann. NY Acad. Sci., vol. 567:39-49.
DeGregori et al. (1994), “A Murine Homolog of the Yeast RNA1 Gene is Required for Postimplantation Development,”Genes and Development, vol. 8:265-276.
Friedrich et al. (1991), “Promoter Traps in Embryonic Stem Cells: A Genetic Screen to Identify and Mutate Developmental Genes in Mice,”Genes and Development, vol. 5:1513-1523.
Goff (Jun. 1990), “Integration of Retroviral DNA into the Genome of the Infected Cell,”Cancer Cells, vol. 2(6):172-178.
Gridley et al. (Jun. 1987), “Insertional Mutagenesis in Mice,”TIG, vol. 3(6):162-166.
Jaenisch et al. (1985), “Retroviruses and Insertional Mutagenesis,”Col
Hölzer Dieter
Melchner Harald Von
Achutamurthy Ponnathapu
Borden Paula A.
Bozicevic Field & Francis LLP
Kerr Kathleen
Von Melchner Harald
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