Explosive and thermic compositions or charges – Containing inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
Reexamination Certificate
2000-06-28
2004-01-06
Carone, Michael J. (Department: 3641)
Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
Containing inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
Reexamination Certificate
active
06673173
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to gas generation and, more particularly, to the generation of gas in a fashion such as minimizes or avoids NO
x
production (where x typically equals 1 or 2).
Gas generating chemical compositions and formulations are useful in a variety of different contexts. One significant use for such compositions is in the operation of automotive inflatable restraint airbag cushions. It is well known to protect a vehicle occupant using a cushion or bag, e.g., an “airbag cushion,” that is inflated or expanded with gas when the vehicle encounters sudden deceleration, such as in the event of a collision. In such systems, an airbag cushion is normally housed in an uninflated and folded condition to minimize space requirements. Upon actuation of the system, the cushion begins to be inflated, in a matter of no more than a few milliseconds, with gas produced or supplied by a device commonly referred to as an “inflator.”
Various gas generant compositions have heretofore been proposed for use in vehicular occupant inflatable restraint systems. Gas generant compositions commonly utilized in the inflation of automotive inflatable restraint airbag cushions have previously most typically employed or been based on sodium azide. Such sodium azide-based compositions, upon initiation, normally produce or form nitrogen gas. While the use of sodium azide and certain other azide-based gas generant materials satisfies various current industry specifications, guidelines and standards, such use may involve or raise potential concerns such as involving the safe and effective handling, supply and disposal of such gas generant materials.
In view thereof, various non-azide gas generant compositions have been developed for use in vehicular occupant inflatable restraint systems. These gas generant compositions typically incorporate or utilize various “non-azide” fuels such as may be used to produce or form nitrogen gas. These non-azide gas generant compositions can desirably be less toxic, easier to dispose of and more accepted by the general public, as compared to typical azide-based gas generants. Such non-azide fuel compositions, however, typically burn hotter (i.e., at a higher combustion temperature) than those compositions based on sodium azide. For example, sodium azide-based gas generants typically burn at temperatures in the range of about 1200 K to about 1600 K whereas various of such newly developed non-azide gas generants typically have combustion temperatures of 1800 K or more. Unfortunately, such higher combustion temperatures can in practice tend to favor the combustion production or formation of either or both: 1) increased or greater levels or relative amounts of particulates from molten combustion products and 2) increased or greater levels or relative amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) combustion products.
The gas generant material inclusion of one or more slagging agents such as alumina, silica, or titania, for example, and such as forms a glass or glass-like substance at combustion temperatures has been developed as a means of addressing the production or formation of increased or greater levels or relative amounts of particulates.
The reduction of the levels or relative amounts of combustion products such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from such non-azide gas generant materials, however, has proven to be a more difficult problem to solve to the extent desired or required such as to permit or facilitate the more widespread application and use of such gas generant materials. In particular, manipulation of the oxidizer/fuel ratio in such material compositions is generally only effective to decrease or reduce either the NO
x
or the CO concentration in the effluent, typically at the expense of increasing the effluent concentration of the other. For example, if the relative amount of oxidizer in such a gas generant formulation is increased to a level greater than that required for conversion of the fuel to carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water, the carbon monoxide concentration in the combustion products typically decreases but there is an accompanying increase in the concentration of NO
x
in the combustion products. Conversely, if the relative amount of fuel in the formulation is increased to a level greater than that required for complete consumption of the oxidizer oxygen to form carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water, the NO
x
concentration of the combustion products typically decreases but there is an accompanying increase in the concentration of CO in the combustion products. Thus, while the oxidizer to fuel ratio can be adjusted to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide below the maximum concentration for carbon monoxide allowed, such adjustment typically results in the concentration of nitrogen oxides exceeding the maximum allowed concentration for nitrogen oxides. Similarly, while the oxidizer to fuel ratio can be adjusted to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides below the maximum concentration for nitrogen oxides allowed, such adjustment typically results in the concentration of carbon monoxide exceeding the maximum allowed concentration for carbon monoxide.
In view of the above, the reduction of the levels or relative amounts of combustion products such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from non-azide gas generant materials has been the subject of various efforts. These efforts have led to the identification of particular additives for use in conjunction with specific gas generant formulations.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,588 discusses the pyrotechnic gas generant inclusion of an additive comprising an alkali metal salt of an inorganic acid or organic acid selected from the group consisting of carbonate and azole to reduce oxides of nitrogen. These additives are used in conjunction with a gas generant formulation containing an azole or metal salts of azole fuels and an oxygen containing oxidizer selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal nitrates, perchlorates, and alkali metal nitrates and perchlorates.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,230 discusses the non-azide gas generating composition inclusion of a built-in catalyst composed of an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt or a transition metal salt of tetrazole, bitetrazole or triazole or a transition metal oxide to promote the conversion of CO and NO
x
to CO
2
and N
2
, respectively.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,765,866 discusses the use of 5-25 weight percent mica in combination with a gas generant which contains an azide or non-azide, preferably an azole or tetrazole salt, as a fuel and an oxidizer selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal nitrates, chlorates, and perchlorates, and alkali metal nitrates, chlorates, and perchlorates, transition metal oxides, and ammonium nitrate or mixtures thereof to yield products having a reduced content of undesirable gases such as NO
x
and CO.
Unfortunately, the additives identified in these prior patents may not be as effective as desired in reducing the level or amount of either or both CO and NO
x
without an increase in the other, or to allow reduction of the level or amount of both CO and NO
x
to allowable levels. For example, azole-containing compounds can undesirably react with copper such as may be present in various common gas generant oxidizers thus causing or resulting in aging and performance variability problems. Further, gas generant inclusion of transition metal oxides in the relative amounts commonly required to effect desired reduction of CO and NO
x
commonly results in significant gas yield sacrifices. Also, gas generant inclusion of mica has been found to significantly reduce the gas yield and bum rate of such gas generant materials.
Thus, there is a need and a demand for improved gas generating compositions which upon combustion form product gas useful for inflating a vehicle occupant safety restraint device as well as a manner of gas generation such as allows reduction in NO
x
levels or relative amounts without necessarily increasing the leve
Mendenhall Ivan V.
Parkinson David W.
Rink Karl K.
Smith Robert G.
Taylor Robert D.
Autoliv ASP. Inc.
Brown Sally J.
Carone Michael J.
Erickson James D.
Felton Aileen B.
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