Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Carbohydrates or derivatives
Patent
1996-11-19
1998-12-08
Kight, John
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates or derivatives
5361231, 536127, 536128, 514 54, C08B 3700, C07H 106, C07H 100, A61K 31715
Patent
active
058471090
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This application is a 371 of PCT/GB95/00239, filed Feb. 7, 1995.
The present invention relates to an isolated galactomannan and to comestible nutraceutical compositions and cosmetic compositions containing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to comestible nutraceutical products and cosmetic products containing a specific and unique galactomannan as an active ingredient therein.
As will be described hereinafter, the galactomannans of the present invention have also been found to possess unique and unexpected emulsifying properties.
As is known, the seeds of many leguminous plants have mucilaginous Aspects of Galactomannan Formation in the Endosperm of Trigonella Foenum-graecum Leguminosae," Planta, Vol. 133, pp. 243-248 (1977)!. The al., "Mannose-Containing Polysaccharide, Part 2. The Galactomannan of Fenugreek Seed (Trigonella Foenum-graecum)," J. Chem. Soc., p. 2744-2750 (1952); and J. S. Grant Reid and H. Meier, "Formation of Reserve Galactomannan in the Seed of Trigonella Foenum-graecum," Phytochemistry, Vol. 9, pp. 513-520 (1970)!. The proportion of D-galactose to D-mannose in the polysaccharide varies from species to species and possibly within Carbohydr. Biochem., Vol. 35, pp. 341-376 (1978)!. The galactomannans, Galactomannan of Carob-Seed (Gum-Gatto)," J. Chem. Soc., pp. 1278-1280 (1948)!, have a common basic structure. To the chains of .beta.-1-4-D-mannopyranosyl residues (polymannose-M) are attached, at the 6-position, single D-galactropyranosyl residues (galactose-G). The galactomannans from the seeds of different species differ with respect to their ratios of galactose to mannose residues. Small differences in the proportion of galactose to mannose residues in galactomannans from plants of the same species have been reported by different groups of workers, and it has been suggested that this may be due to varietal or environmental Galactomannans," Adv. Carbohydr. Biochem., Vol. 31, pp. 241-312 (1975)!.
The most important property of galactomannans is their high water binding capacity and the formation of very viscous solutions at relatively high dilutions. The galactose side chains cause extension of the very long mannan chains and keep them from forming hydrogen bonded insoluble associates (pure linear polymannan is completely water insoluble). Guar gum, with a high galactose content, swells and dissolves readily in cold "Galactomannan: Properties and Applications," Lebensemwiss U. Technol., Vol. 22, pp. 41-45 (1989)!. The solubility of tara gum is intermediate, as can be expected from the galactose content.
Like other hydrocolloids, the galactomannans are insoluble in organic solvents. They can be precipitated from aqueous solution by addition of water-miscible solvents, such as ethyl alcohol.
The galactomannans are important viscosity builders. They exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, in which the viscosity decreases with the shear rate. The solutions show no viscosity change upon aging (30 days) at room temperature, only slight viscosity decrease on the addition of electrolytes, and no viscosity change at pH range of 3 to 7.
The galactomannans are mainly used when an efficient thickening or stabilizing effect is needed. Thick, stable and smooth solutions are obtained in high dilution, which make the galactomannans very economical Properties," In: Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 1, CRC Press, Inc., Florida, U.S.A., pp. 47-59 (1982)!.
In many food applications, the galactomannans are used in the presence of oils or fats, and are called "stabilizing agents." Salad dressings are good examples of such systems. The role of the galactomannans in these foods is not simply that of a thickening agent, and seems to be more complicated.
Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-graecum) is a less-known galactomannan than guar gum or LBG. It is both more water-soluble and a less efficient thickening agent than either of said well-known gums. The ability of fenugreek gum as a stabilizer and thickener has not previously been disclosed and practically had not been studied, although the structure of the gala
REFERENCES:
Karawya et al, Planta Medical Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, vol. 38, No. 1, Jan. 1980, pp. 73-78, "Mucilogenous Contents of Certain Egyptian Plants".
Maier et al, Industrial Gums, Edited by Whistler et al., third edition, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 218-221, "Guar, Locust Bean, Tara, and Fenugreek Gums", 1993.
Aserin Abraham
Garti Nissim
Madar Zecharia
Sternheim Boaz
Kight John
White Everett
Yissum Research Development Company
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