Fuel and related compositions – Liquid fuels – Organic oxygen compound containing
Patent
1999-05-04
2000-09-05
McAvoy, Ellen M.
Fuel and related compositions
Liquid fuels
Organic oxygen compound containing
44349, 44350, C10L 118
Patent
active
061136611
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Description of the Background
The present invention relates to a novel fuel composition comprising oxygenated compounds improving the combustion of the fuel, in particular compounds which can improve the cetane number of fuel bases, such as middle distillates, used in the composition of gas oils for diesel engines.
It is well known to introduce oxygenated components, such as MTBE, ETBE and others, into fuels in order to improve the octane number, in order in particular to replace the lead which was introduced therein in the past.
The term for a gas oil is not octane number but rather a cetane number corresponding, like the octane number, to a combustion characteristic of the fuel in an internal combustion engine. This cetane number more particularly represents the ability of the fuel base to self-ignite in the combustion chamber of the engine. An excessively low cetane number corresponds to an excessively long self-ignition delay, which results in late, violent and incomplete combustion with the formation of non-combusted residues. This poor combustion is reflected by an increase in the polluting emissions in the exhaust, an increase in the noise corresponding to the self-ignition of the fuel, in particular when the engine is idling, and greater difficulties in starting the engine, in particular when cold, since the combustion is delayed. It is therefore preferable, in order for diesel engines to operate well, to have available a fuel which exhibits a high cetane number. However, this high cetane number depends on the nature of the fuel base used and on the nature and the effectiveness of the so-called procetane or cetane-improving additives which it is necessary to add to these bases.
A fuel base is generally composed of a physical mixture of several petroleum fractions or middle distillates resulting from the refining of crude oils originating from anywhere in the world. These petroleum fractions result from a great number of separations by atmospheric or vacuum distillation and chemical conversions of some of these distilled fractions by hydrodesulphurization and/or catalytic cracking. A great variety of fuel bases with relatively different physicochemical properties is obtained by appropriate mixing of these various refined fractions. Finally, the diesel fuels or gas oils which can be used in internal combustion engines are prepared by a complex mixing of these bases. However, in order to obtain fuels which observe current legal specifications, refiners have to develop increasingly complicated formulations which favour crude oils highly concentrated in distillates and fuel bases with a high cetane number.
The small amount of readily accessible refined fractions having a sufficiently high cetane number has forced refiners to search for additives or components which, mixed with these fractions, are capable of increasing the cetane number.
The use is known among additives, that is to say compounds introduced at low contents into refined fractions, of organic nitrates or peroxides which are known to have a limited effectiveness in fuel bases or gas oils naturally exhibiting a low cetane number. In addition, organic peroxides decompose irreversibly as a function of the time, which results in a deterioration in the characteristics of stored gas oil, both with regard to quality and with regard to cetane number.
Refiners have searched for a long time for other sources of compounds which can make it possible to improve the cetane number of fuel bases and gas oils, in particular among oxygenated compounds, such as ethers, polyethers or acetals. The addition of oxygenated compounds to gas oils makes it possible to reduce emissions of pollutants, in particular emissions of particles (EP 14,992).
Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,365 claims the addition of 1 to 30% by weight of dialkylated and trialkylated glycerol derivatives, obtained by addition of an olefin, such as isobutene, to glycerol, in a gas oil having a range of use of between 160.degree. C. and 370.degree. C. and a sulphur content of
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Bourdauducq Paul
Couturier Jean-Luc
Germanaud Laurent
Maldonado Paul
Elf Antar France
McAvoy Ellen M.
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