Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Vector – per se
Patent
1990-04-17
1993-01-26
Schwartz, Richard A.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Vector, per se
536 241, 4352351, 435 691, 935 6, 935 34, C12N 1563, C12N 1586, C12N 1511
Patent
active
051822105
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention is in the field of recombinant DNA technology and relates to promoters useful for the expression of foreign DNA inserted into a fowlpox virus vector.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Poxviruses are large viruses with a complex morphology containing linear double-stranded DNA genomes. They are among the few groups of DNA viruses that replicate within the cytoplasm of the cell. They are subclassified into six genera: orthopoxviruses, avipoxviruses, capriopoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, parapoxviruses and entomopoxviruses. Vaccinia virus, an orthopoxvirus, is the most widely studied of the poxviruses, and is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,112 (Paoletti et al.,). Fowlpox virus is an avipoxvirus or avian poxvirus.
Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have allowed vaccinia virus to be used as a vector to carry and express foreign genes. For a review see M. Mackett & G. L. Smith, Journal of General Virology 67, 2067-2082 (1986). Certain properties of vaccinia virus make it suitable for this purpose. Firstly, it tolerates large amounts of extra DNA in its genome, at least up to 25,000 base pairs. Secondly, it encodes its own RNA polymerase which specifically initiates transcription of messenger RNA, beginning at the viral promoter sequences on the DNA genome. The host cell RNA polymerase II does not recognise these viral promoters, nor does the vaccinia RAN polymerase transcribe from promoters recognised by the host cell RNA polymerase. These two properties allow foreign genes to be inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a vaccinia virus promoter. Because of the very large size of the vaccinia virus genome (186,000 base pairs) and the fact that the DNA alone is not infectious, conventional recombinant DNA techniques of restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation of DNA fragments into the genome are not technically feasible. Therefore DNA is introduced into the genome by a process of homologous recombination. Homologous recombination involves essentially (1) pre-selecting a length of the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in some region which does not impair the replication and normal functioning of the virus (hereinafter called a "non-essential region"), (2) making a construct of a length of foreign DNA in a copy of the non-essential region so that the foreign DNA is flanked by extensive sequences of non-essential region of VV DNA, (3) co-infecting appropriate tissue culture cells with the VV and the construct and (4) selecting cells containing VV in which the pre-selected length has been swapped over ("recombined") in vivo so that it is replaced in the genome by the construct DNA.
In order to insert the foreign gene in to the construct, the construct should itself be contained in a vector, e.g. a plasmid. It should also comprise a promoter for regulating expression of the foreign DNA within the virus. The procedure is more fully described in the Mackett and Smith review supra. Vaccinia virus vectors have been used in this way experimentally for the expression of DNA for several viral proteins. See, for example, M. Kieny et al., Nature 312, 163-166 (1984) on the expression of a rabies virus glycoprotein. Since the vaccinia virus vector can be attenuated, i.e. altered to make it less virulent, without impairing its use as a vector, it has considerable potential for use in vaccination.
It has been recognised for some years that in principle similar technology could be applied to fowlpox virus (FPV), see, for example, M. M. Binns et al., Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42, 124-127 (1986), thereby providing a vector for use in vaccinating poultry. FPV like VV, has a genome of vast size (it is even larger than VV: estimates range from 240 to 360 kilobases) and it is not known to what extent it is similar to vaccinia virus.
One of the essential requirements for the expression of foreign DNA in a FPV vector is a strong promoter, which will be recognised by the FPV RNA polymerase. Several promoters have been identified in VV bu
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Binns Matthew M.
Boursnell Michael E. G.
Campbell Joan I. A.
Tomley Fiona M.
Mosher Mary E.
National Research Development Corporation
Schwartz Richard A.
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