Illumination – Housing – With cooling means
Reexamination Certificate
2000-06-23
2003-05-20
Quach-Lee, Y. My (Department: 2875)
Illumination
Housing
With cooling means
C362S294000, C362S218000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06565238
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to a flourescent lighting fixture in which the electronic ballast is provided in a housing member laterally offset to one side of the primary housing member receiving the flourescent bulbing and to other improvements for transferring heat generated within the fixture away from the ballast.
(2) Brief Description of the Prior Art
It is well known that flourescent lamps have a negative incremental impedance. Therefore, they cannot be connected directly to an AC voltage source: they require a ballast for stable operation.
There are several requirements for flourescent light ballasts. The ballasts should permit lamp voltages and currents which are sinusoidal with little distortion, so that RF-frequency or harmonic components are small. Otherwise, the lamp acts like an antenna and radiated noise is high. The output voltage to the ballast can be DC or low frequency ac voltage (50 Hz, 60 Hz or 400 Hz) and, if the lamp voltages and currents are at the same frequency of the input voltage, compliance with many specifications is not difficult to achieve. The harmonics of the output voltage and current drop off as frequency increases, so that long before reaching 160 KHz (the minimum frequency for which there is a limit on emissions), the harmonics are negligible. Low-frequency, low-distortion lamp voltage and current are therefore desirable. Conversely, high-frequency lamp voltage and current make it harder to comply with many utilization specifications since the first few harmonics of lamp voltage and current fall within the frequency range of many operational requirements.
Ballasts for use in conjunction with flourescent lighting assemblies must be capable of stabilizing the lamp current. Additionally, in the case of AC input power, high input power accommodation is a common requirement.
The ballast must be of a comparative small size and weight, particularly in part for smaller fixtures, located either mounted through sealings, provided in floor or furniture top assemblies or in small special application areas, such as in airplanes, boats and other vehicles.
The ballast must also provide lamp dimming capability which is a common requirement in many lamp applications. Some ballasts have a two-level dimming capability, full, bright and dim. It is sometimes desirable to be able to continuously dim the lamp as a function of a given control signal.
Prior art ballasts can be divided into categories: magnetic and electronic ballasts. In the past, so called magnetic ballasts were used extensively. Basically, a magnetic ballast consists of a large inductor (or autotransfer) placed between the ac source and the lamp. The impedance of inductor stabilizes the lamp. The lamp voltage and current are the same frequency of the input AC source. They are sinusoidal with very little high frequency components, so these ballasts have low radiated noise. As a matter of fact, most ballasts used in commercial vehicular applications as well as other applications are of this type. The input current is sinusoidal with little distortion and it has a lagging power factor due to the inductor. A capacitor at the input could be used to improve power factor. A disadvantage of this approach is large size and weight, since the line-frequency inductor used in the ballast is large. Additionally, another disadvantage is that continuous dimming is hard to implement. The present invention contemplates incorporation of magnetic ballast usage.
Another type of ballast used in conjunction with flourescent lighting is what is sometimes referred to as “High-Frequency Electronic Ballast”. The art is very familiar with many examples of high-frequency and other electronic ballast that use switching power converters. In such a ballast system, a diode bridge rectifies an input AC voltage and a switching converter generates a square wave voltage at the switching frequency. A matching network is provided between the switching converter output and the gas discharge lamp. This matching network is usually a high-frequency resonant filter (usually an LCC filter) tuned to a frequency equal to, or close to, the switching frequency. It attenuates all the harmonics of the square wave voltage passing only the fundamental frequency. Furthermore, the matching network transforms the switching converter output characteristic from a voltage source into a current source, thus insuring stable lamp operation. A high input power factor can be obtained either by using a 2-stage converter consisting of a unity-power-factor shaper followed by a high-frequency inverter or by using a single stage converter, which usually operates in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) at the input. Likewise, a typical prior art 2-state converter is such as shown on
FIG. 2B
describing U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,387, which also may be incorporated into the ballast used in the present flourescent light assembly.
An advantage of high-frequency ballast is reduced size and weight of magnetic elements, such as inductors and transformers due to the high-frequency operation. Another advantage is the ease of implementing continuous dimming capability by closing a current feed back control loop around the electronic ballast. The electron ballast has all the desirable properties except that the lamp voltage and current are at high-frequency, with a concomitant radiated noise problem.
As used herein, “ballast” also includes these and similar types of electric or electric ballast mechanisms.
In general minimal performance and quality assurance requirements for ballast of the electronic type should be as follows:
UL Listed Class P.
Sound Rated A.
Total harmonic distortion <=20% (<32% for 8 ft fixtures) with input current third harmonic not to exceed ANSI recommendation.
Ballast shall conform to ANSI specification C. 82.11-1993, if applicable. Minimum lamp operating frequency shall be 10 kHz.
Power factor >=0.85.
Enclosure size and wiring in same color as magnetic ballast (for retrofit applications).
Ballast factor to meet light output requirements. (Low ballast factor ballasts have low light output; high ballast factor ballasts have high light output.)
Maximum input wattage to meet energy requirements. Note that ballast factor and input wattage are linearly related.
Light regulation of +/−10% with +/−10% input voltage variation.
Lamp current crest factor <1.7.
Flicker 10% or less.
Specify start type to suit the project requirements. Instant start ballasts should be avoided for applications where lamps are turned on and off frequently such as would be the case for many occupancy-driven switching mechanisms.
Shall withstand line transients, per IEEE 587, Category A.
Shall meet FCC Rules and Regulations, Part 18C.
Circuit diagrams and lamp/ballast connections shall be displayed on all ballast cases.
Minimum ballast life shall be 50,000 hours.
Shall be ETL and UL listed.
Shall be CBM certified, if applicable.
Ballast shall have end of life sensing and shut down feature (for ballasts operating T5 or T4 lamps).
Flourescent lighting assemblies, like many other types of lighting assemblies, generate considerable heat during operation. Since the ballast and ballast housing sometimes have been located within the fixture assembly and the housing for the flourescent lighting bulbing, many fixtures have resulted in problems resulting from heat transfer into the ballast, resulting in loss or reduction of effective life of the very sensitive electronic components comprising the ballast assembly, and the like.
The present invention addresses the problems associated with housings for ballasts of the type generally described herein and incorporated within a flourescent lighting fixture housing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a flourescent lighting fixture. A housing includes primary and secondary housing members. Means are provided, which are well known to those skilled in the art, for receipt of flourescent bulbing, which may be one of a number of di
Beirne, Maynard & Parsons LLP
H. E. Williams, Inc.
Quach-Lee Y. My
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