Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Carbohydrates or derivatives
Patent
1996-09-05
1998-11-24
Hollinden, Gary E.
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates or derivatives
525 50, 525 542, 514 54, 436 71, C07H 100
Patent
active
058408606
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This application claims benefit of international application PCT/GB94/00713, filed Nov. 17, 1994, published as WO95/13801 May 26, 1995.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an agent for use in food, dietary, and the like preparations, and to preparations, formulations and dietary compositions containing the agent. The invention is also concerned with a method of and pharmaceutical preparations for reducing the risk of certain colon disorders or for treating said disorders.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Colonic health is associated with a number of factors, and a well known strategy in recent time to promote large bowel health has been by increased consumption of "fibre", a large proportion of which is not digested at all and acts, at least in part, by giving rise to greater bulk and moisture retention in the colon. This will be described below in more detail.
The fibre components of the human diet are generally gel-forming fibres such as pectins, gums and mucilages found in fruits, oats and barley; insoluble, structural fibres such as cellulose found in cereal brans; and storage polysaccharides such as guar and gums in legumes. There is some lignin as well, however, whilst it can be a significant part of animal diets, lignin contributes very little to the human diet.
A further polysaccharide, resistant starch, may well be regarded as fibre purely on functional grounds. Whilst starch is generally digestible in the small intestine of humans, absorption does not occur unless starch is completely depolymerized to glucose. A proportion of starch ingested by humans passes into the colon and nutritionists have termed this fraction resistant starch. The starch that passes into the colon has avoided the activity of the enzymes of the small intestine, the predominant class being the .alpha. amylases. Starches can acquire their resistant characteristic in a number of different ways, thus certain sources of starches are naturally resistant, such as those derived from raw potato and banana; those that are physically indigestible because they are present in partly milled grains and seed; or those that have retrograded after cooling following cooking. The range of starches have been classified by Englyst et al (1992) Eur J Clin Nutr 46 (Suppl. 2): S33-50). Whilst non starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin are intrinsically indigestible, resistant starch can be digested in the colon, and fermentation of resistant starch plays an important role in colonic health, which role will also be described in more detail below.
There are two major subdivisions of NSP: water soluble and water insoluble. Cellulose is the most common insoluble NSP, while pectin and guar gum are two common soluble NSP.
Preparations such as wheat bran, high in insoluble NSP, accelerate transit in the stomach and small intestine and in the colon. This effect apparently arises due to physical bulking, as wheat bran increases stool mass in an apparently dose dependent manner following the passage of largely unmodified bran. Similar increases in bulk have been noted with other insoluble NSP such as cellulose.
Soluble NSP have radically different effects on transit and in the small intestine, slow the passage of digesta. Guar gum in biscuits and drinks slows gastric emptying and the passage of ingesta in the small intestine. This effect is due to the viscosity of the soluble NSP. In the colon effects of NSP seem to be due to the extent to which they are fermented by the microflora.
On passage from the ileum, NSP are metabolised by the anaerobic microflora of the caecum and colon which produce the enzymes necessary for polysaccharide hydrolysis and catabolism. Fibre breakdown is effected by bacterial species very similar to those found in the rumen of obligate herbivores and with very similar products: gases (carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). The principle SCFA formed from NSP fermentation are the same as in the rumen, i.e. acetate, propionate and butyrate, and in the rough molar proportions 60:20:20. Th
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Annison Geoffrey
Illman Richard J.
Topping David L.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
Hollinden Gary E.
Jones Dameron
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