Fabric (woven – knitted – or nonwoven textile or cloth – etc.) – Nonwoven fabric – Including an additional nonwoven fabric
Reexamination Certificate
1998-09-29
2001-01-23
Morris, Terrel (Department: 1771)
Fabric (woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.)
Nonwoven fabric
Including an additional nonwoven fabric
C442S383000, C442S384000, C442S385000, C442S389000, C442S393000, C442S400000, C442S401000, C442S403000, C442S407000, C442S408000, C442S412000, C442S413000, C442S417000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06177370
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to hydraulically entangled nonwoven composite fabrics, and more specifically, hydraulically entangled fabrics having at least three layers and containing a continuous filament and a fibrous component, and a process for making the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabrics have many applications, such as tea bags, medical gowns, drapes, cover stock, food service, and industrial wipers. One type of hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric may include two crimped spunbond layers sandwiching a cellulosic fiber layer. This fabric is primarily intended to be used as a launderable clothing material.
Although this fabric has advantages in applications such as clothing material, it has shortcomings in applications requiring abrasion resistance, such as, for example, industrial wipers. Consequently, using this fabric as an industrial wiper results in excessive lint particles and relatively low fabric durability. Another shortcoming is that manufacturing such fabric requires a bonding step after hydroentangling. This extra step may increase the cost of the fabric, and thus, reduce its desirability as an industrial wiper.
Accordingly, there is a need for a nonwoven fabric having at least three layers that has improved abrasion resistance and requires no additional bonding after hydroentangling.
DEFINITIONS
As used herein, the term “comprises” refers to a part or parts of a whole, but does not exclude other parts. That is, the term “comprises” is open language that requires the presence of the recited element or structure or its equivalent, but does not exclude the presence of other elements or structures. The term “comprises” has the same meaning and is interchangeable with the terms “includes” and “has”,
The term “machine direction” as used herein refers to the direction of travel of the forming surface onto which fibers are deposited during formation of a material.
The term “cross-machine direction” as used herein refers to the direction in the same plane which is perpendicular to machine direction.
As used herein, the term “zone” refers to a region or area set off as distinct from surrounding or adjoining parts.
As used herein, the term “synthetic fiber structure” refers to a fiber structure created from man-made materials such as petroleum distillates or regenerated or modified cellulosic materials. In most instances, synthetic fiber structures generally have a fiber length greater than about 0.01 meter. Examples of a synthetic fiber structure include nonwoven webs having petroleum distillate fibers, or semisynthetic regenerated cellulosic fiber structures, such as products sold under the trade designation RAYON®.
As used herein, the term “nonwoven web” refers to a web that has a structure of individual fibers which are interlaid forming a matrix, but not in an identifiable repeating manner. Nonwoven webs have been, in the past, formed by a variety of processes known to those skilled in the art such as, for example, meltblowing, spunbonding, wet-forming and various bonded carded web processes.
As used herein, the term “spunbond web” refers to a web formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular, capillaries with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced, for example, by fluid-drawing or other well known spunbonding mechanisms. The production of spunbond nonwoven webs is illustrated in patents such as Appel, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,563.
As used herein, the term “meltblown web” means a web having fibers formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten fibers into a high-velocity gas (e.g. air) stream which attenuates the fibers of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameters. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high-velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of randomly disbursed fibers. The meltblown process is well-known and is described in various patents and publications, including NRL Report 4364, “Manufacture of Super-Fine Organic Fibers” by V. A. Wendt, E. L. Boone, and C. D. Fluharty; NRL Report 5265, “An Improved Device for the Formation of Super-Fine Thermoplastic Fibers” by K. D. Lawrence, R. T. Lukas, and J. A. Young; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,241, issued Nov. 19, 1974, to Buntin, et al., which are hereby incorporated by reference.
As used herein, the term “short fiber” refers to any fiber having a length approximately less than 0.01 meter.
As used herein, the term “staple fiber” refers to a cut fiber from a filament. Any type of filamenting material may be used to form staple fibers. For example, cotton, rayon, wool, nylon, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate may be used. Exemplary lengths of staple fibers may be from about 4 centimeter to about 20 centimeter.
As used herein, the term “filament” refers to a fiber having a large aspect ratio.
As used herein, the term “uncrimped” refers to an uncurled synthetic fiber as measured in accordance with ASTM test procedure D-3937-94 and is defined as less than two crimps per fiber.
As used herein, the term “cellulose” refers to a natural carbohydrate high polymer (polysaccharide) having the chemical formula (C
5
H
10
O
5
)
n
and consisting of anhydroglucose units joined by an oxygen linkage to form long molecular chains that are essentially linear. Natural sources of cellulose include deciduous and coniferous trees, cotton, flax, esparto grass, milkweed, straw, jute, hemp, and bagasse.
As used herein, the term “pulp” refers to cellulose processed by such treatments as, for example, thermal, chemical and/or mechanical treatments.
As used herein, the term “thermoplastic material” refers to a high polymer that softens when exposed to heat and returns to its original condition when cooled to room temperature. Natural substances exhibiting this behavior are crude rubber and a number of waxes. Other exemplary thermoplastic materials include styrene polymers and copolymers, acrylics, polyethylenes, polypropylene, vinyls, and nylons.
As used herein, the term “non-thermoplastic material” refers to any material which does not fall within the definition of “thermoplastic material,” above.
As used herein, the term “Taber abrasion” refers to values determined in substantial accordance with ASTM test procedure D-3884-92 and reported as described herein.
As used herein, the term “machine direction tensile” (hereinafter may be referred to as “MDT”) is the force applied in the machine direction to rupture a sample in substantial accordance with TAPPI test procedure T-494 om-88 and may be reported as gram-force.
As used herein, the term “cross direction tensile” (hereinafter may be referred to as “CDT”) is the force applied in the cross direction to rupture a sample in substantial accordance with TAPPI test procedure T-494 om-88 and may be reported as gram-force.
As used herein, the term “basis weight” (hereinafter may be referred to as “BW”) is the weight per unit area of a sample calculated in accordance with ASTM test procedure D-3776-96, Option C, and may be reported as gram-force per meter squared.
As used herein, the term “gauge length” is the sample length, typically reported in centimeters, measured between the points of attachment. As an example, a fabric sample is tautly clamped in a pair of grips. The initial distance between the grips, generally about 7.6 or 10.2 centimeters, is the gauge length of the sample.
As used herein, the term “percent stretch” refers to values determined as described herein.
As used herein, the term “trap tear” refers to values determined in general accordance with TAPPI test procedure T 494 om-88 as described herein.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The problems and needs described above are addressed by the present invention, which desirably provides a fabric including a synthetic fiber structure first zone, a synthetic fiber structure second zone, and a short fiber third zone. The first zone ma
Brown Lawrence M.
Cleveland Terry R.
Mayfield Frances W.
Radwanski Fred R.
Skoog Henry
Garrison Scott B.
Kimberly--Clark Worldwide, Inc.
Morris Terrel
Torres Norca L.
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