Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Micro-organism – tissue cell culture or enzyme using process... – Recombinant dna technique included in method of making a...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-07-26
2004-11-09
McElwain, Elizabeth F. (Department: 1638)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Micro-organism, tissue cell culture or enzyme using process...
Recombinant dna technique included in method of making a...
C435S320100, C435S419000, C800S288000, C800S295000, C536S023100
Reexamination Certificate
active
06815184
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the expression and the secretion of biologically active polypeptides from genetically engineered duckweed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The duckweeds are the sole members of the monocotyledonous family Lemnaceae. The four genera and 34 species are all small, free-floating, fresh-water plants whose geographical range spans the entire globe (Landolt (1986)
Biosystematic Investigation on the Family of Duckweeds: The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monograph Study
Geobatanischen Institut ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich). Although the most morphologically reduced plants known, most duckweed species have all the tissues and organs of much larger plants, including roots, stems, flowers, seeds and fronds. Duckweed species have been studied extensively and a substantial literature exists detailing their ecology, systematics, life-cycle, metabolism, disease and pest susceptibility, their reproductive biology, genetic structure, and cell biology. (Hillman (1961)
Bot. Review
27:221; Landolt (1986)
Biosystematic Investigation on the Family of Duckweeds: The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monograph Study
Geobatanischen Institut ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich).
The growth habit of the duckweeds is ideal for microbial culturing methods. The plant rapidly proliferates through vegetative budding of new fronds, in a macroscopic manner analogous to asexual propagation in yeast. This proliferation occurs by vegetative budding from meristematic cells. The meristematic region is small and is found on the ventral surface of the frond. Meristematic cells lie in two pockets, one on each side of the frond midvein. The small midvein region is also the site from which the root originates and the stem arises that connects each frond to its mother frond. The meristematic pocket is protected by a tissue flap. Fronds bud alternately from these pockets. Doubling times vary by species and are as short as 20-24 hours (Landolt (1957)
Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges
. 67:271; Chang et al. (1977)
Bull. Inst. Chem. Acad. Sin
. 24:19; Datko and Mudd (1970)
Plant Physiol
. 65:16; Venkataraman et al. (1970)
Z. Pflanzenphysiol
. 62:316).
Intensive culture of duckweed results in the highest rates of biomass accumulation per unit time (Landolt and Kandeler (1987)
The Family of Lemnaceae—A Monographic Study Vol
. 2
: Phytochemistry, Physiology, Application, Bibliography
, Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich), with dry weight accumulation ranging from 6-15% of fresh weight (Tillberg et al. (1979)
Physiol. Plant
. 46:5; Landolt (1957)
Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges
. 67:271; Stomp, unpublished data). Protein content of a number of duckweed species grown under varying conditions has been reported to range from 15-45% dry weight (Chang et al (1977)
Bull. Inst. Chem. Acad. Sin
. 24:19; Chang and Chui (1978)
Z. Pflanzenphysiol
. 89:91; Porath et al. (1979)
Aquatic Botany
7:272; Appenroth et al. (1982)
Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz
. 177:251). Using these values, the level of protein production per liter of medium in duckweed is on the same order of magnitude as yeast gene expression systems.
Sexual reproduction in duckweed is controlled by medium components and culturing conditions, including photoperiod and culture density. Flower induction is a routine laboratory procedure with some species. Plants normally self-pollinate, and selfing can be accomplished in the laboratory by gently shaking cultures. By this method, inbred lines of
Lemna gibba
have been developed. Spontaneous mutations have been identified (Slovin and Cohen (1988)
Plant Physiol
. 86, 522), and chemical and gamma ray mutagenesis (using EMS or NMU) have been used to produce mutants with defined characteristics. Outcrossing of
L. gibba
is tedious but can be done by controlled, hand pollination. The genome size of the duckweeds varies from 0.25-1.63 pg DNA/2C with chromosome counts ranging from 20 to 80 and averaging about 40 across the Lemnaceae (Landolt (1986)
Biosystematic Investigation on the Family of Duckweeds: The family of Lemnaceae—A Monograph Study
Geobatanischen Institut ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich). Ploidy levels are estimated to range from 2-12 C. Id. Genetic diversity within the Lemnaceae has been investigated using secondary products, isozymes, and DNA sequences (McClure and Alston (1966)
Nature
4916:311; McClure and Alston (1966)
Amer. J. Bot
. 53:849; Vasseur et al. (1991)
Pl. Syst. Evol
. 177:139 (1991); Crawford and Landolt (1993)
Syst. Bot
. 10:389).
Duckweed plant or duckweed nodule cultures can be efficiently transformed with an expression cassette containing a nucleotide sequence of interest by any one of a number of methods including
Agrobacterium
-mediated gene transfer, ballistic bombardment, or electroporation. Stable duckweed transformants can be isolated by transforming the duckweed cells with both the nucleotide sequence of interest and a gene which confers resistance to a selection agent, followed by culturing the transformed cells in a medium containing the selection agent. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,498 to Stomp et al.
A duckweed gene expression system provides the pivotal technology that would be useful for a number of research and commercial applications. For plant molecular biology research as a whole, a differentiated plant system that can be manipulated with the laboratory convenience of yeast provides a very fast system in which to analyze the developmental and physiological roles of isolated genes. For commercial production of valuable polypeptides, a duckweed-based system has a number of advantages over existing microbial or cell culture systems. Plants demonstrate post-translational processing that is similar to mammalian cells, overcoming one major problem associated with the microbial cell production of biologically active mammalian polypeptides, and it has been shown by others (Hiatt (1990)
Nature
334:469) that plant systems have the ability to assemble multi-subunit proteins, an ability often lacking in microbial systems. Scale-up of duckweed biomass to levels necessary for commercial production of recombinant proteins is faster and more cost efficient than similar scale-up of mammalian cells, and unlike other suggested plant production systems, e.g., soybeans and tobacco, duckweed can be grown in fully contained and controlled biomass production vessels, making the system's integration into existing protein production industrial infrastructure far easier.
These characteristics make duckweed an ideal choice to develop as an efficient, plant-based system for the production of recombinant proteins. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods and compositions that increase the efficiency of the duckweed gene expression system as a tool for producing biologically active polypeptides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is drawn to methods and compositions for the expression and recovery of biologically active recombinant polypeptides, using duckweed as the expression system. One aspect of the present invention provides a method for enhanced expression levels of biologically active polypeptides in duckweed, resulting in an increased polypeptide yield and enabling the production of useful quantities of valuable biologically active polypeptides in this system. Another aspect of the invention discloses methods for the directed secretion of biologically active polypeptides from genetically engineered duckweed plant or duckweed nodule cultures. Secretion of the expressed polypeptide facilitates its recovery and prevents the loss of activity that might result from the mechanical grinding or enzymatic lysing of the duckweed tissue.
In one embodiment, the invention encompasses a method of producing a biologically active recombinant polypeptide in a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture, comprising the steps of: (a) culturing within a duckweed culture medium a duckweed plant culture or a duckweed nodule culture, wherein said duckweed plant culture or said duckweed nodule culture is stably t
Dickey Lynn
Gasdaska John
Stomp Anne-Marie
Alston & Bird LLP
Biolex, Inc.
Helmer Georgia L.
McElwain Elizabeth F.
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