Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Extract or material containing or obtained from a...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-08-01
2003-04-08
Meller, Michael V. (Department: 1651)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Extract or material containing or obtained from a...
C435S254100, C435S911000, C424S405000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06544524
ABSTRACT:
The present invention refers to extracts from the fungus Guignardia sp., and also a new isolate compound from the aforementioned extract, both having antimicrobial activities, particularly antibacterial and antifungal activities, and their use in pharmaceutical compositions.
The new compound, isolated from the extract of the fungus Guignardia sp., presents a dioxolanone ring, having the following formula:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The search for extracts obtained from plants, protista, fungi or animals and isolated molecules, identified and characterised from these extracts, having antimicrobial activities, has become one of the main motivators for the research and development of new drugs providing a larger scope of action and less toxicity. Furthermore, various pathogens that infect both animals and human beings are becoming resistant to many of the drugs presently in use which heightens the interest for new molecules.
After the major development of synthetic drugs that marked the second half of the 20th century, the nineties stand out as the era of research for drugs based on active principles obtained or isolated from natural products. The use of medicinal plants, protista, fungi and animals as raw material for isolating pure natural products, or for the obtainment of extracts and/or the formulation of phytotherapeutic products, consists an integral part of modern therapeutics.
The publications of natural products listed in Chemical Abstracts between 1985 and 1995 show that 21.1% were made by Japan, 10% by the US, another 10% by China, 8% by Germany, 8% by India, 4% by France and only 1.6% were contributed by Brazil (Gottlieb, O. R. “Natural products research in Brazil.” Ciência e Cultura. Journal of the Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science. 49. (5,6). 315-320. 1997).
Through the years, natural products have formed the basis for the treatment of illnesses of all the ancient cultures and continue to be the main source of primary health treatment for 80% of the world population. Sophisticated systems of traditional medicine have existed for thousands of years in many countries, such as China and India. Medicinal plants, protista, fungi and animals are also extensively used in the traditional systems of African medicine. Many phytodrugs are used in Europe and the US. Numerous examples of well known active principles derived from natural products can be cited, such as, for example, from plants: glycosides for the treatment of heart diseases obtained from
Digitalis purpurea
L.; the antihypertensive and tranquilliser reserpine, derived from the
Rauvolfia serpentine
(L.); quinine, antimalarial agent, from the Cinchona ssp.; the opiatic analgesics codeine and morphine from the
Papaver somniferum
L.; the antileucemic agents Vinblastine and Vincristine, from the
Catharanthus roseus
(L.) (see Baker, J. T., Borris, R. P., Cart{acute over (e )}, B., Cordell, G. A., Soejarto, D. D., Cragg, G. M., Gupta, M. P., Iwu, M. M., Madulid, D. R. and Tyler, V. E. “Natural product drug discovery and development: New perspectives on international collaboration”. Journal of Natural Products. 58 (9), 1325-1357. 1995).
South America is becoming the focal point of much research in the field of natural products because it is considered one of the largest centres of biodiversity. South America is the continent of origin of many plants, Protista, fungi and animals that have already furnished—or demonstrate the potential to furnish—important products used in drugs.
As an example of the attempt to find natural molecules capable of acting against infectious agents, various efforts have been made, for example, to isolate and characterise at molecular level, a broad band of natural peptidic antimicrobial components obtained from animals (amphibians, frogs, mammals, insects), plants, fungi and bacterial species (Hanckoc et al., 1995). These biologically active peptides vary as to the scope of activity, mode of action, molecular weight (from 1.1 to more than 10 kDa), genetic origin and biochemical properties.
Various programs with the objective of identifying metabolites in extracts from fungi are also under way.
Ganoderma pfeifferi
Bres. (synonimous
Ganoderma cupreolaccatum
Kalchbr.,
Ganoderma soniese
Steyaert) is a basidiomycete found only in Europe, and which lives on Fagus and various other trees such as Aesculus, Acer, Fraxinus, Prunus and Quercus. This species of basidiomycete is distinguishable from other older species such as
Ganoderma lucidum
and
Ganoderma resinaceum
by its dark brown context.
Ganoderma pfeifferi
is one of the lesser known species of the Ganodermaceteae family from the phytochemical investigation point of view. However, a reasonable number of triterpenes, polysaccharides and steroids, with interesting biological and pharmacological activities, have been isolated from the extracts of
G. lucidum
and
G. applanatum.
Mothana et al (Mothana, R. A. A., Jansen, R., Jülich, W. and Lindequist, U. “Ganomycins A and B, new antimicrobial farnesyl hydroquinones from the basidiomycete
Ganoderma pfeifferi.
J. Nat. Prod., 63. 416-418. 2000) isolated and elucidated the structure of two hydroquinones obtained from the extract of the dichloromethane of
G. pfeifferi.
These compounds (i) acid 2-[2-(2.5 dihydroxyphenyl)-ethylidene]-11-hydroxy-6.10-dimythyl-undeca-5.9-dienic and (ii) acid acid 2-[2-(2.5 dihydroxyphenyl)-ethylidene]-6.10-dimythyl-undeca-5.9-dienic present antibacterial activity.
Marine fungi have also been cited as potential sources of active secondary metabolites of biological and chemical interest for the development of new pharmaceutical compositions. Afiyatullov et al (Afiyatullov, S. S., Kuznetsova, T. A., Isakov, V. V., Pivkin, M. V., Prokofeva, N. G., Elyakov,G. B. “New Diterpenic Atrosides of the fungus
Acremonium striatisporum
isolated from a Sea Cucumber. J.Nat. Prod. 63.848.-850.2000)] investigated the fungus
Acremonium striatisporum
isolated from the sea cucumber
Eupentacta fraudatrix.
The authors isolated and characterised two new diterpenic glycosides from this fungus (named virescinosides M and N) also isolating, furthermore, three known compounds (virescinosides A, B and C). These compounds presented cytotoxic effects on the eggs of the
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
during initial stages of development (MIC
50
=2.7-20 &mgr;M) and also demonstrated cytotoxic activity, in vitro, against tumorous cells of Ehrlich's carcinoma (IC50=10-100 &mgr;M).
Furthermore, various other examples can be cited concerning the obtainment of extracts resulting from the fermentation of fungi and/or molecules obtained from these when showing interesting biological activity, amongst others, against human cytomegalovirus (Guo, B., Da
, J. R., Ng, S., Huang, Y., Leong, C., Ong, W. e Carté, B. “Cytonic Acids A and B: novel tridepside inhibitors of hCMV protease from Endophytic fungus Cytonaema species. J. Nat. Prod. 63.602-604-2000).
The U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,506 describes a substance, named quintomycin, with potential use as an antibiotic which is produced by the fungus
Streptomyces lividus.
Concerning the fungus belonging to the genus Guignardia, it is possible to cite the obtainment of alkaline lipolitic enzymes isolated from this micro-organism, in particular from
G. laricina
and
G. paulowniae,
and its uses in detergents (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,746).
Despite being quite vast, medical knowledge still remains incomplete as to the fight against pathogenic micro-organisms having already infected the human organism, especially those originating from (i) nosocomial infections where the aerobiological micro-organisms constitute, for example, an important vector, (ii) food poisoning and (iii) the contamination of water. Furthermore, such micro-organisms may also become resistant to any known drug, even the latest generation ones, due to their possible biological mutations.
In this context, the development of new, more efficient drugs for the treatment of infections caused by these micro-organisms becomes u
Heerklotz Jörg Arno
Heerklotz Kátia Ferreira Rodrigues
Werner Christa
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ
Meller Michael V.
Nixon & Vanderhye PC
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