Amplifiers – With semiconductor amplifying device – Including differential amplifier
Reexamination Certificate
2002-07-31
2004-04-20
Ton, My-Trang Nu (Department: 2816)
Amplifiers
With semiconductor amplifying device
Including differential amplifier
C330S311000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06724257
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an amplifier circuit for adding a Laplace transform zero to a linear integrated circuit, and more particularly to an amplifier circuit for adding a Laplace transform zero in a switching regulator feedback loop for providing frequency stability.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Closed loop negative feedback systems are commonly employed in linear integrated circuits. For instance, switching regulators use a feedback loop to monitor the output voltage in order to provide regulation. To ensure stability in any closed loop system, the Nyquist criterion must be met. The Nyquist criterion states that a closed loop system is stable if the phase shift around the loop is less than 180 degrees at unity gain. Typically, a compensation circuit is added to a feedback loop to modulate the phase shift of the feedback loop to obtain stability.
The frequency response of a linear circuit can be characterized by the presence of “poles” and “zeros.” A “pole” is a mathematical term which signifies the complex frequency at which gain reduction begins. On the other hand, a “zero” signifies the complex frequency at which gain increase starts. Poles and zeros on the left half plane of a complex frequency plane or s-plane are considered normal and can be compensated. However, poles and zeros on the right half plane of a complex frequency plane are usually problematic and difficult to manipulate and is not addressed in the present application. Generally, a pole contributes a −90° phase shift while a zero contributes a +90° phase shift. A pole cancels out the phase shift of a zero for zeros in the left half plane. In designing a closed loop system with compensation, the location of the poles and zeros are manipulated so as to avoid a greater than 180° phase shift at unity gain.
In a linear circuit, poles are created by placing a small capacitor on a node with a high dynamic impedance. If the capacitor is placed at a gain stage, the capacitance can be multiplied by the gain of the stage to increase its effectiveness. Each pole has a zero associated with it. That is, at some point, the dynamic resistance of the gain stage will limit the gain loss capable of being achieved by the capacitor. Thus, a zero can be created by placing a resistor in series with the gain reduction capacitor.
A conventional voltage mode switching regulator uses an inductor-capacitor (LC) network at the voltage output terminal for filtering the regulated output voltage to produce a relatively constant DC output voltage.
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram of a conventional switching regulator including a switching regulator controller
10
and an LC circuit
11
. Switching regulator controller
10
generates a regulated output voltage V
SW
at an output terminal
13
which is coupled to LC circuit
11
for providing a filtered output voltage V
OUT
. The output voltage V
OUT
is coupled back to controller
10
at a feedback (FB) terminal
15
for forming a feedback control loop. The LC circuit has associated with it two poles, one pole associated with each element. If the feedback control loop is not compensated, LC circuit
11
alone contributes an −180° phase shift to the system and loop instability results, causing the output voltage to oscillate. Because virtually every switching regulator uses an LC filter circuit to filter the regulated output voltage, compensation must be provided in the feedback control loop of a switching regulator to compensate for the effect of the two poles introduced by the LC circuit.
A conventional compensation technique in switching regulators involves adding a circuit in series with the feedback loop which produces a Laplace zero. The zero is added to the feedback control loop to cancel out one of the two poles of the LC filter circuit, thus insuring closed loop stability. U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,918 to Yamatake describes using a capacitance multiplying op-amp to provide a large effective capacitance and a resistor in series as the frequency compensation element of a switching regulator. U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,947 to Berg describes a phase lead compensation circuit for providing additional phase to the loop gain of a switching regulator near the unity gain frequency. The phase lead compensation circuit of Berg uses a transconductance amplifier driving a frequency-dependent load, implemented as a band-limited op amp, in the feedback control loop of the switching regulator. These approaches are problematic because they both require a “high quality” differential amplifier in operation which is significantly large and complex to realize. In practice, differential amplifiers are typically large devices and can be relatively slow. Furthermore, the differential amplifiers tend to sink large amounts of current proportional to speed. The compensation approaches described by Yamatake and Berg are undesirable because the compensation techniques require sacrificing speed for closed loop stability. In addition the op-amp used in the compensation circuit needs to be compensated for stability itself, making the circuit more complex to implement.
FIG. 1
illustrates another approach for providing compensation in a feedback control loop of a switching regulator. Referring to
FIG. 1
, the output voltage V
OUT
is coupled to the feedback terminal
15
and further to a voltage divider including resistors R
1
and R
2
. The operation of the feedback control loop in controller
10
is well known in the art. The voltage divider steps down output voltage V
OUT
and the divided voltage V
R
is coupled to an error amplifier
20
which compares the divided voltage V
R
to a reference voltage V
Ref
. Error amplifier
20
generates an error output signal indicative of the difference between voltage V
R
and reference voltage V
Ref
. The feedback control loop of controller
10
operates to regulate the output voltage V
OUT
based on the error output of error amplifier
20
so that voltage V
R
equals voltage V
Ref
.
FIG. 2A
is a plot of the loop gain magnitude vs. frequency in log scale for the switching regulator of
FIG. 1
without any compensation. The low frequency loop gain is first reduced by a pole associated with error amplifier
20
. The gain loss is modified by a zero also associated with the error amplifier. Then, at high frequency, the effect of the double-pole in the LC filter circuit causes a large loss in the loop gain such that the phase shift at unity gain is equal to or greater than 180°. The feedback control loop of the uncompensated switching regulator of
FIG. 1
is unstable unless the gain is substantially reduced.
In the switching regulator of
FIG. 1
, a capacitor
18
(typically referred to as a “zero capacitor”) is connected in parallel to resistor R
1
of the voltage divider. Capacitor
18
introduces a zero-pole pair in the feedback loop. The location (or frequency) of the zero-pole pair is determined by the resistance of the voltage divider and the capacitance of capacitor
18
. For practical resistance and capacitance values, the zero and pole introduced by capacitor
18
are typically located close to each other so that the zero is canceled out quickly by the nearby associated pole.
FIG. 2B
is a plot of the loop gain magnitude vs. frequency in log scale in the switching regulator of
FIG. 1
incorporating zero capacitor
18
. Here, the operation of the zero capacitor ensures that the phase shift is less than 180° near unity gain. However, the compensation provided by zero capacitor
18
is limited and often does not provide sufficient phase margin at unity gain. For example, at high frequency, zero capacitor
18
shorts out resistor R
1
, resulting in no or minimal gain loss in the feedback loop. Thus, the compensation provided by capacitor
18
is not effective at high frequency. Also, the voltage divider of resistors R
1
and R
2
typically provides only a gain loss of 3 dB. The 3 dB gain loss limits the ratio of the pole to zero angular frequency of capacitor
18
, and thus, limits the compensation range capable of being achieved by the use
Cook Carmen C.
Micrel Inc.
Nu Ton My-Trang
Patent Law Group LLP
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