Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Enzyme – proenzyme; compositions thereof; process for... – Stablizing an enzyme by forming a mixture – an adduct or a...
Reexamination Certificate
1998-02-27
2002-01-29
Naff, David M. (Department: 1651)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Enzyme , proenzyme; compositions thereof; process for...
Stablizing an enzyme by forming a mixture, an adduct or a...
C435S180000, C435S198000, C435S200000, C435S201000, C435S209000, C435S219000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06342381
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to polyamide oligomers capable of stabilizing one or more enzymes. The invention also relates to stabilized enzymatic compositions containing such polyamide oligomers. Enzymes stabilized by the polyamide oligomers of the invention exhibit improved storage, shelf-life and dispersibility at high and low temperatures.
2. Description of the Related Art
The use of enzymes and liquid enzymatic compositions in industry and in the commercial marketplace has grown rapidly over the last several years. For example, many enzymes and liquid enzymatic compositions have been associated with liquid detergents and have shown utility as solubilizing and cleaning formulations. The enzymes used, alone or in liquid enzymatic compositions, encompass a wide variety of enzyme classes and can be acid, alkaline or neutral, depending upon the pH range in which they are active.
Proteases are a well-known class of enzymes frequently utilized in a wide variety of industrial applications where they act to hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins and proteinaceous substrates. Commercially, the greatest uses of proteases are made in the laundry detergent industry, where they help to remove protein based stains such as blood or egg stains, and in the cheese making industry, where they aid in curdling milk. Proteases are also used as meat tenderizers, for softening leather, for modifying food ingredients, and for flavor development. Liquid enzymatic compositions containing alkaline proteases have also been shown to be useful as dispersants of bacterial films, algal and fungal mats in cooling tower waters, and metalworking fluid containment bays.
Acid proteases include the microbial rennets, rennin (chymosin), pepsin, and fungal acid proteases. Neutral proteases include trypsin, papain, bromelain/ficin, and bacterial neutral protease. Alkaline proteases include subtilisin and related proteases. Commercial liquid enzymatic compositions containing proteases are available under the names RENNILASE®, “PTN” (Pancreatic Trypsin NOVO), “PEM” (Proteolytic Enzyme Mixture), NEUTRASE®, ALCALASE®, ESPERASE®, and SAVINASE™ which are all supplied by Novo Nordisk Bioindustrials, Inc. of Danbury, Conn. Another commercial liquid enzymatic composition containing proteases is available under the name HT-Proteolytic supplied by Solvay Enzyme Products.
Another class of enzyme known as amylases have also been utilized in many industrial and commercial processes in which they act to catalyze or accelerate the hydrolysis of starch. Amylases are used largely in the corn syrup industry for the production of glucose syrups, maltose syrups, and a variety of other more refined end products of starch hydrolysis such as high fructose syrups. As a class they include alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, amyloglucosidase (glucoamylase), fungal amylase, and pullulanase. Commercial liquid enzymatic compositions containing amylases are available under the names BAN, TERMAMYL®, AMG, FUNGAMYL®, and PROMOZYME™, which are supplied by Novo Nordisk, and Diazyme L-200, a product of Solvay Enzyme Products.
Other commercially valuable enzyme classes are those which affect the hydrolysis of fiber. These classes include cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases, and beta-glucanases. Cellulases are enzymes that degrade cellulose, a linear glucose polymer occurring in the cell walls of plants. Hemicellulases are involved in the hydrolysis of hemicellulose which, like cellulose, is a polysaccharide found in plants. The pectinases are enzymes involved in the degradation of pectin, a carbohydrate whose main component is a sugar acid. Beta-glucanases are enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of beta-glucans which are also similar to cellulose in that they are linear polymers of glucose. In a commercial context, these enzymes have utility to a greater or lesser degree in manufacturing processes dependent on fiber degradation.
Cellulases have reported utility in the de-inking process of old newsprint (ONP) wastepaper, eliminating the need for any surfactants and alkaline chemicals. The enzymes dislodge inks from fiber surfaces and disperse ink particles to a finite size. S. Say-Kyoun Ow, “Biological De-Inking Methods of Newsprint Wastepaper”,
World Pulp and Paper Technology,
63-64 (1992). Collectively, cellulases include endocellulase, exocellulase, exocello-biohydrolase, and celloblase. Commercial liquid enzymatic compositions containing cellulases are available under the names CELLUCLAST® and NOVOZYM® 188 which are both supplied by Novo Nordisk.
Hemicellulases are also used in the de-inking process to dislodge ink particles from the fiber surface of ONP. D. Y. Prasad et al., “Enzyme Deinking of Black and White Letterpress Printed Newsprint Waste”,
Progress in Paper Recycling,
21-22 (1992). Additionally, hemicellulases, such as the xylanases, are employed in the pulp bleaching process. Xylanase pretreatment of kraft pulps has resulted in major reductions in bleaching chemical requirements, such as molecular chlorine, and has also improved pulp quality as reflected by higher brightness ceilings. D. J. Senior et al., “Reduction in Chlorine Use During Bleaching of Kraft Pulp Following Xylanase Treatment”,
Bleaching: Tappi Press Anthology of published Papers,
1991-1992 (Jameel, H., ed.), Chapter 4: 274-279 (1993; TAPPI Press). PULPZYME® product, available from Novo Nordisk, and ECOPULP® product, from Alko Biotechnology, are two examples of commercially available liquid enzymatic compositions containing xylanase-based bleaching enzymes.
As a class, hemicellulases include hemicellulase mixture and galactomannanase. Commercial liquid enzymatic compositions containing hemicellulases are available as PULPZYME® from Novo, ECOPULP® from Alko Biotechnology and NOVOZYM® 280 and GAMANASE™, which are both products of Novo Nordisk.
The pectinases are used commercially to weaken cell walls and enhance extraction of fruit juice, as well as to aid in decreasing viscosity and preventing gelation in these extracts. Pectinases consist of endopolygalacturonase, exopolygalacturonase, endopectate lyase (transeliminase), exopectate lyase (transeliminase), and endopectin lyase (transeliminase). Commercial liquid enzymatic compositions containing pectinases are available under the names PECTINEX™ Ultra SP and PECTINEX™, both supplied by Novo Nordisk.
The beta-glucanases are of importance in malting and brewing industries where modification of barley cell walls containing beta-glucans is necessary. Beta-glucanases include lichenase, laminarinase, and exoglucanase. Commercial liquid enzymatic compositions containing beta-glucanases are available under the names NOVOZYM® 234, CEREFLO®, BAN, FINIZYM®, and CEREMIX®, all of which are supplied by Novo Nordisk.
Two additional classes of industrially and commercially useful enzymes are lipases and phospholipases. Lipases and phospholipases are esterase enzymes which hydrolyze fats and oils by attacking the ester bonds in these compounds. Lipases act on triglycerides, while phospholipases act on phospholipids. In the industrial sector, lipases and phospholipases represent the commercially available esterases, and both currently have a number of industrial and commercial applications.
In the pulp and paper industry, liquid enzyme preparations containing lipases have proven to be particularly useful in reducing pitch deposits on rolls and other equipment during the production process. For example, the treatment of unbleached sulfite pulp with lipases prior to bleaching with chlorine to reduce the content of chlorinated triglycerides, which are reportedly the cause of pitch deposition during the paper manufacturing process, has been reported. K. Fischer and K. Messher, “Reducing Troublesome Pitch in Pulp Mills By Lipolytic Enzymes”,
Tappi Journal,
130 (1992). Novo Nordisk markets two liquid enzyme preparations under the names RESINASE™ A and RESINASE™ A 2X, both of which, under certain conditions, reportedly reduce pitch deposits significantly by breaking down wood resins in pulp.
Another im
Buckman Laboratories Internationals, Inc.
Morgan & Lewis & Bockius, LLP
Naff David M.
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