Surgery – Means for introducing or removing material from body for... – Treating material introduced into or removed from body...
Patent
1998-03-09
2000-07-11
Coggins, Wynn Wood
Surgery
Means for introducing or removing material from body for...
Treating material introduced into or removed from body...
604 20, 604 30, 604501, A61M 3100
Patent
active
060865725
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to delivery of therapeutic agents through a body surface by electrotransport. More particularly, the invention relates to a two-part electrotransport delivery device comprised of an electronic controller adapted to be coupled to, one at a time, a plurality of therapeutic agent (eg, drug) containing units.
BACKGROUND ART
The transdermal delivery of drugs, by diffusion through the epidermis, offers improvements over more traditional delivery methods, such as subcutaneous injections and oral delivery. Transdermal drug delivery avoids the hepatic first pass effect encountered with oral drug delivery. Transdermal drug delivery also eliminates patient discomfort associated with subcutaneous injections. In addition, transdermal delivery can provide more uniform concentrations of drug in the bloodstream of the patient over time due to the extended controlled delivery profiles of certain types of patches. The term "transdermal" delivery, broadly encompasses the delivery of an agent through a body surface, such as the skin, mucosa, or nails of an animal.
The skin functions as the primary barrier to the transdermal penetration of materials into the body and represents the body's major resistance to the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents such as drugs. To date, efforts have been focussed on reducing the physical resistance or enhancing the permeability of the skin for the delivery of drug by passive diffusion. Various methods for increasing the rate of transdermal drug flux have been attempted, most notably using chemical flux enhancers.
Others have attempted to increase the rates of transdermal drug delivery using alternative energy sources such as electrical energy and ultrasonic energy. The present invention relates specifically to electrically assisted transdermal delivery, also referred to as electrotransport. The term "electrotransport" as used herein refers generally to the delivery of an agent (eg, a drug) through a membrane, such as skin, mucous membrane, or nails. The delivery is induced or aided by application of an electrical potential. For example, a beneficial therapeutic agent may be introduced into the systemic circulation of a human body by electrotransport delivery through the skin. A widely used electrotransport process, electromigration (also called iontophoresis), involves the electrically induced transport of charged ions. Another type of electrotransport, electroosmosis, involves the flow of a liquid, which liquid contains the agent to be delivered, under the influence of an electric field. Still another type of electrotransport process, electroporation, involves the formation of transiently-existing pores in a biological membrane by the application of an electric field. An agent can be delivered through the pores either passively (ie, without electrical assistance) or actively (ie, under the influence of an electric potential). However, in any given electrotransport process, more than one of these processes, including at least some "passive" diffusion, may be occurring simultaneously to a certain extent. Accordingly, the term "electrotransport", as used herein, should be given its broadest possible interpretation so that it includes the electrically induced or enhanced transport of at least one agent, which may be charged, uncharged, or a mixture thereof, whatever the specific mechanism or mechanisms by which the agent actually is transported.
Electrotransport devices use at least two electrodes that are in electrical contact with some portion of the skin, nails, mucous membrane, or other surface of the body. One electrode, commonly called the "donor" electrode, is the electrode from which the agent is delivered into the body. The other electrode, typically termed the "counter" electrode, serves to close the electrical circuit through the body. For example, if the agent to be delivered is positively charged, ie, a cation, then the anode is the donor electrode, while the cathode is the counter electrode which serves to complete the circui
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Johnson Susan A.
Lattin Gary A.
McNichols Larry A.
ALZA Corporation
Bates Owen J.
Coggins Wynn Wood
Miller D. Byron
Sadula Jennifer R.
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