Chemistry: electrical and wave energy – Apparatus – Electrolytic
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-11
2004-06-08
Noguerola, Alex (Department: 1753)
Chemistry: electrical and wave energy
Apparatus
Electrolytic
C204S403050, C422S051000, C427S002130
Reexamination Certificate
active
06746582
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to sensors and sensor components that have multilayer membranes and methods of making and using the sensors and sensor components. In addition, the invention relates to enzyme electrodes and optodes with multi-layer analyte-flux limiting membranes and methods of making and using the optodes and the electrodes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Miniature biosensors utilizing enzyme-containing optodes and electrodes for monitoring biochemicals often include mass-transport controlling membranes. The membranes can affect some or all of the characteristics of the optodes or electrodes, including their sensitivity, size, apparent stability, dynamic range and selectivity. Micro-membranes for use with miniature biosensors typically cannot be easily cut to size from preformed membranes and if cut by a precision tool, such as a laser or an electron beam, their placement on and attachment to the surface of an electrode or optode can be difficult.
The reproducible casting of micro-membranes can also be difficult. For cast micro-membranes, the pore sizes and their distribution are typically determined by the relative rates of nucleation and mass-transport during generation of the membrane by phase separation as a result of solvent evaporation. The outcome of the simultaneously occurring nucleation and the mass transport processes depends on the evolution (meaning the time-dependence during the solvent evaporation) of the viscosity, the concentrations of the solvent and the non-solvent, and the membrane's leached phase and its residual phase. These are affected by time-dependent temperature gradients and by the time-dependent gradient of the partial pressure of the evaporating solvent over a droplet, the dimensions of which shrink and are a function of the time-dependent contact angle with the wetted surface.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Generally, the present invention relates to electrodes and optodes having membranes to reduce analyte flux or reduce interferent flux or both. One embodiment is a sensor that includes a sensing layer disposed on a substrate and a multilayer flux-limiting membrane disposed over the sensing layer. The membrane includes a first layer disposed on and bound to the sensing layer and one or more additional layers disposed on and bound to the preceding layers of the membrane. The substrate can have a conductive material upon which the sensing layer is disposed to form an electrode or an optical material, such as an optical fiber, upon which the sensing layer is disposed to form an optode. As an example, the membrane includes at least two layers; one of which is a polycationic layer or a polyanionic layer. Optionally, the membrane includes at least one layer that has functional groups that can capture transition metal ions.
Another embodiment is a method of making a sensor. A sensing layer is disposed on a substrate. A first membrane layer is disposed on and binds to the sensing layer. One or more subsequent membrane layers are disposed over the first membrane layer, each of the subsequent membrane layers binding to the immediately preceding membrane layer. For example, the membrane layers can be formed by chemisorption or reactive adsorption.
The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The Figures and the detailed description which follow more particularly exemplify some but not all of these embodiments.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4871442 (1989-10-01), Yamaguchi et al.
patent: 4943364 (1990-07-01), Koch et al.
patent: 5006314 (1991-04-01), Gourley et al.
patent: 5075127 (1991-12-01), Yafuso et al.
patent: 5611900 (1997-03-01), Worden et al.
patent: 5696314 (1997-12-01), McCaffrey et al.
patent: 5773270 (1998-06-01), D'Orazio et al.
patent: 5804048 (1998-09-01), Wong et al.
patent: 6015480 (2000-01-01), Craig et al.
patent: 6162611 (2000-12-01), Heller et al.
patent: 0 352 610 (1990-01-01), None
patent: 409033 (1991-01-01), None
patent: WO 94/10553 (1994-05-01), None
Villeneuve et al. (“Electrochemical Detection of Nitric Oxide Production in Perfused Pig Coronary Artery: Comparison of the Performances of Two Electrochemical Sensors,” Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods (1998), 40(2), 95-100).*
Derwent abstract of EP 0409033 A2 (Schaffar).*
Derwent abstract of JP 62266192 A (Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co. Ltd.).*
Bourdillon, C. et al., “Catalysis and Mass Transport in Spatially Ordered Enzyme Assemblies on Electrodes”,J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 117, No. 46, pp. 11499-11506 (1995) month unknown.
Caruso, F. et al., “2. Assembly of Alternating Polyelectrolyte and Protein Multilayer Films for Immunosensing”,Langmuir, vol. 13, No. 13, pp. 3427-3433 (1997) month unknown.
Kobayashi, Y. et al., “Alternate Deposition of Cationic and Anionic Polymers for the Improvement of Response Characteristics of Glucose Biosensor”,Electrochemistry, vol. 67, No. 12, pp. 1147-1149 (Dec. 1999).
Lvov, Y. et al., “Assembly of Multicomponent Protein Films by Means of Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Adsorption”,J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 117, No. 22, pp. 6117-6123 (1995) month unknown.
Sun, Y. et al., “Chemically Modified Electrode via Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Glucose Oxidase (GOD) and Polycation-bearing Os Complex”,Thin Solid Films, vol. 327-329, pp. 730-733 (1998) month unknown.
Chen Ting
Friedman Keith A.
Heller Adam
Merchant & Gould P.C.
Noguerola Alex
TheraSense Inc.
LandOfFree
Electrodes with multilayer membranes and methods of making... does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Electrodes with multilayer membranes and methods of making..., we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Electrodes with multilayer membranes and methods of making... will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-3300578