Optical: systems and elements – Optical modulator – Light wave temporal modulation
Patent
1998-02-20
2000-07-25
Epps, Georgia
Optical: systems and elements
Optical modulator
Light wave temporal modulation
359267, 359269, 359270, 359273, 359275, 427523, 427524, 427529, G02F 115, G02F 1153, G02F 1155, G02F 1163
Patent
active
060942924
ABSTRACT:
A multi-layered, active, thin film, solid-state electrochromic device having a high reflectivity in the near infrared in a colored state, a high reflectivity and transmissivity modulation when switching between colored and bleached states, a low absorptivity in the near infrared, and fast switching times, and methods for its manufacture and switching are provided. In one embodiment, a multi-layered device comprising a first indium tin oxide transparent electronic conductor, a transparent ion blocking layer, a tungsten oxide electrochromic anode, a lithium ion conducting-electrically resistive electrolyte, a complimentary lithium mixed metal oxide electrochromic cathode, a transparent ohmic contact layer, a second indium oxide transparent electronic conductor, and a silicon nitride encapsulant is provided. Through elimination of optional intermediate layers, simplified device designs are provided as alternative embodiments. Typical colored-state reflectivity of the multi-layered device is greater than 50% in the near infrared, bleached-state reflectivity is less than 40% in the visible, bleached-state transmissivity is greater than 60% in the near infrared and greater than 40% in the visible, and spectral absorbance is less than 50% in the range from 0.65-2.5 .mu.m.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4253642 (1981-03-01), Morita
patent: 4832463 (1989-05-01), Goldner et al.
patent: 4876628 (1989-10-01), Goldner et al.
patent: 4878743 (1989-11-01), Aikawa et al.
patent: 4887414 (1989-12-01), Rauh et al.
patent: 4902110 (1990-02-01), Green
patent: 5051274 (1991-09-01), Goldner et al.
patent: 5133594 (1992-07-01), Goldner et al.
patent: 5171413 (1992-12-01), Arntz et al.
patent: 5189550 (1993-02-01), Goldner et al.
patent: 5202788 (1993-04-01), Weppner
patent: 5253101 (1993-10-01), Demiryont
patent: 5338625 (1994-08-01), Bates et al.
patent: 5445906 (1995-08-01), Hobson et al.
patent: 5455126 (1995-10-01), Bates et al.
patent: 5512147 (1996-04-01), Bates et al.
patent: 5512387 (1996-04-01), Ovshinsky
patent: 5532869 (1996-07-01), Goldner et al.
patent: 5561004 (1996-10-01), Bates et al.
patent: 5569520 (1996-10-01), Bates
patent: 5597660 (1997-01-01), Bates et al.
patent: 5612152 (1997-03-01), Bates
G. Wei, et al., "Thin films of lithium cobalt oxide", Solid State Ionics 58 (1992) 115-122.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Properties of a Carbon Negative Electrode in Completely Thin Film Li-Ion Batteries with a LiCoO2 Positive Electrode", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., vol. 369, pp. 137-147, 1995.
A. Gerouki, et al., "Density of States Calculations of Small Diameter Single Graphene Sheets", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 143, No. 11, pp. L262-L263, Nov. 1996.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Some lessons learned from research on a thin film electrochromic window", Solid State Ionics 70/71 (1994) 613-618.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Reflectance Modulation with Electrochromic Li(x)WO3 Films", Proceedings Symp., vol. 90-2, pp. 14-23, Electrochem. Society (1989).
T. Haas, et al., "Fundamentals of Electrochromism in Metal Oxide Bronzes", SPIE Institute Series, vol. IS 4, pp. 170-180 (1988).
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Progress on the variable reflectivity electochromic window", Proc. SPIE 1536:34 (Jul. 1994).
R.B. Goldner, et al., "A monolithic thin-film electrochromic window", Solid State Ionics 53-56 (1992) 617-627.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Development of a Thin Film Li(1-x)CoO2/Li(x)C6 Rocking-Chair Battery", Electrochemical Society Proceedings vol. 95-22, pp. 173-182 (1995).
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Electrochromic Materials for Controlled Radiant Energy Transfer in Buildings", Solar Energy Materials, v.11, n.3, pp. 177-185 (1984).
F.O. Arntz, et al., "Near-infared reflectance modulation with electrochromic crystalline WO3 films deposited on ambient temperature glass substrates by an oxygen ion-assisted technique", J. Appl. Phys. 67 (6), pp. 3177-3179, Mar. 15, 1990.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "High near-infared reflectivity modulation with polycrystalline electrochromic WO3 films", Appl. Phys. Lett. 43(12) pp. 1093-1095, Dec. 15, 1983.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Optical Frequencies Free Electron Scattering Studies on Electrochromic Materials for Variable Reflectivity Windows", Solar Energy Materials v.12, pp. 403-410 (1985).
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Recent Research Related to the Development of Electrochromic Windows", Solar Energy Materials v.14, pp. 195-203 (1986).
K.K. Wong, et al., "Characterization technique for transparent ion conducting films", SPIE vol. 823, pp84-89 (1987).
G Wei, et al., "Lithium Cobalt Oxide Thin Films and its Electrochromism", Proc. Electrochemical Society, v.90, No. 2, pp 80-88 (1989).
R. Weiss, "Tufts Develops 'Smart Window' Glass", Lasers & Optronics, Aug. 1991, pp 21-22.
M.M. Thackeray, "Structural Considerations of Layered and Spinel Lithiated Oxides for Lithium Ion Batteries", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 142, No. 8, pp 2558-2563, Aug. 1995.
C. Julien and G. Nazri, Solid State Batteries: Materials Design and Optimization, Kluwer Academic Publishers (Boston 1994), pp. 146-153, pp. 378-397, pp. 472-489, pp. 579-601, pp. 608-619.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Thin Film Solid State Ionic Materials for Electrochromic Smart Window (TM) Glass", Solid State Ionics 28-30: 1715-1721 (1988).
G. Seward, et al., "Prototype all-solid lithiated smart window devices", SPIE vol. 823, pp 90-100 (1987).
F.O. Arntz, et al., "Electrochromic Crystalline WO3 Films Prepared at Ambient Temperature by Ion Assisted Deposition", SPIE vol. 1149, pp. 40-45 (1989).
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Improved colored state reflectivity in lithiated WO3 films", SPIE vol. 823, pp. 101-105 (1987).
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Further Evidence for free electrons as dominating the behavior of electrochromic polycrystalline WO3 films", Appl. Phys. Lett. 47 (5), pp. 536-538, Sep. 1, 1985.
R.B. Goldner, "Attaining a solar energy economy with active thin film structures", J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 13(3), pp. 1088-1094, May/Jun. 1995.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Nuclear reaction analysis profiling as direct evidence for lithium ion mass transport in thin film 'rocking-chair structures", Appl. Phys. Lett. 62 (14), pp. 1699-1701, Apr. 5, 1993.
G. Berera, et al., "A Study of the Optical Band Gap of Lithium Tungsten Trioxide Thin Films", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. vol. 210, pp. 69-74, 1991.
R.B. Goldner, et al., "A Transient Method for Measuring Diffusion Coefficients of Thin Film Battery Electrodes", J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 143, No. 6, pp. L129-L130 (1996).
R.B. Goldner, et al., "Electrochromic behavior in ITO and related oxides", Applied Optics, v.24, No. 15, p. 2283, Aug. 1, 1985.
L.T. Kenny, et al., "The Preparation and Characterization of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Thin Films by LPCVD", Materials Research Soc. Symp. Proc., v.415, pp 213-217 (1996).
T.E. Hass, et al., "Preparation, Characterization and Electrochromism of Thin Film Lithium Cobalt Oxides", 18th Northeast Regional Meeting American Chemical Society, Jul. 31-Aug. 3, 1988, Program and Abstracts, Abstract No. 111, p 63 (1988).
Anonymous, "Researchers Develop `Smart` Window to Cut Energy Consumption", The New York Times, C4, Sep. 29, 1982.
Gerouki Alexandra
Goldner Mark A.
Goldner Ronald B.
Haas Terry E.
Liu Te-Yang
Burke Margaret
Creehan R. Dennis
Epps Georgia
Trustees of Tufts College
LandOfFree
Electrochromic window with high reflectivity modulation does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Electrochromic window with high reflectivity modulation, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Electrochromic window with high reflectivity modulation will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-1340701