Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus – product – and – Current producing cell – elements – subcombinations and... – Include electrolyte chemically specified and method
Reexamination Certificate
2000-05-09
2003-07-22
Ruthkosky, Mark (Department: 1745)
Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus, product, and
Current producing cell, elements, subcombinations and...
Include electrolyte chemically specified and method
C429S188000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06596441
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a primary battery.
An electrolyte in an electrochemical cell may conduct electricity through the movement of ions, charged species, towards an electrode having opposite electrical charge to the ions. Typically, the electrolytes consist of a salt, such as potassium chloride, dissolved in a solvent, which may be water (aqueous) or one or more organic compounds (non-aqueous). Alternatively, molten salts or ionic liquids, or room temperature molten salts (materials and mixtures which consist of an ionically bound liquid at ambient temperatures) may be used.
The conductivity of such electrolytes is dependent on several factors and several mathematical relationships have been developed. The Nemst-Einstein Relationship relates the ion diffusion coefficient and the ion conductivity. The Stokes-Einstein Relationship relates the diffusion coefficient to the solution viscosity. Combining these relationships gives:
λ
=
kz
2
F
2
6
R
π
η
a
[
1
]
where &lgr; is the conductivity, k is the Boltzman constant, z is the ionic charge, F is the Faraday Constant, R is the gas constant and &eegr; is the solution viscosity. The conductivity is also dependent on ion concentration:
&lgr;=
zc
i
uF,
[2]
where &lgr; is the conductivity, z the charge c
i
the ion concentration, and F is Faraday's Constant. Thus it can be seen that decreasing the viscosity and increasing the ion concentration is beneficial to the overall ionic conductivity.
An example of a primary battery is a lithium primary battery, especially those using a metal oxide or sulphide cathode and lithium foil anode. These batteries use electrolytes composed of one or more metal salts dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, usually composed of more than one organic compound. U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,843 describes an example of a secondary (rechargeable) battery having a polymeric electrode and an ammonium salt electrolyte. This type of electrolyte produces loose electrostatic bonding of positive and negative ions in solution at the surface of the electrodes when charged and the lithium salt is consumed by the cathode.
Hirai et al, Jn. of the Electrochemical Soc., vol. 141 (1994) pp.2300-2305, describe how the cycling efficiency of a secondary battery can be improved by the inclusion in the electrolyte of a tetraalkylammonium additive. The researchers report, however, that no influence of CTAC addition on rate capability was observed and further that ammonium chlorides with a shorter n-alkyl group than n-C
14
H
29
decreased the discharge capacity of the cells.
FR2704099 describes how the addition of surface active fluorocarbon compounds to an electrolyte used in a secondary battery can improve the cycling efficiency. The results presented show that the effectiveness of the additive is dependent on the counter ion used, with lithium being more effective than quaternary ammonium.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, a primary battery comprises an anode, a solid cathode and an electrolyte; wherein the electrolyte comprises an electrochemically reactive conductive salt, an organic liquid phase comprising one or more organic compounds; and less than 0.25 M of an ionically charged additive, distinct from the electrochemically reactive conductive salt; the additive comprising a conductive salt, which in use is not electrochemically reactive and which contains an imidazolium cation, in a sufficient quantity that conductivity is improved and percentage material utilisation of the cathode is maintained or improved at increased discharge rates as compared with a battery using an electrolyte which does not contain the additive.
The battery of the present invention has increased conductivity and decreased loss in material utilisation at the electrode compared with other batteries such that the material utilisation observed at higher discharge rates is similar to that at low discharge rates. Primary batteries with the additive show improved discharge capacities and operating voltages compared to batteries without the additive. Using an additive in the electrolyte which is not electrochemically reactive makes the system simpler and allows the battery chemistry to be predicted more easily. The effect of the additive is to maintain a background level of conductivity, which assists in mass transport of the principal conductive ions through the electrolyte solution, as can be seen in equation [2].
One method of determining the utilisation of the electrode material is to determine the number of Coulombs per gram of active material (C/g) achieved. This figure can then be compared to a theoretical maximum number of Coulombs that could possibly be passed knowing the amount of active material in the cathode, hence giving a percentage utilisation and the number of Coulombs passed per gram of material.
Preferably, the reactive conductive salt comprises an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt or a quaternary ammonium salt.
Preferably, the reactive alkali or alkaline earth metal salt comprises one of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium.
Preferably, the quaternary ammonium salt comprises a 1 to 4 alkyl group substituted nitrogen containing cation.
Preferably, the anion of the reactive conductive salt comprises one chosen from chlorides; perchlorates; phosphates, such as hexafluorophosphate; borates such as tetrafluoroborate; and sulphonates, such as trifluoromethanesulphonate, although other metal salts could be used.
Preferably, the ionically charged additive comprises a dialkyl substituted salt More preferably, the alkyl substituents are independently selected from C
1
to C
4
alkyl groups. Alternatively, the salt is aryl substituted.
Preferably, the ionically charged additive comprises an anion chosen from chlorides, perchlorates, phosphates, borates and sulphonates.
Preferably, the additive comprises chloride, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoromethanesulphonate and nitrate.
The maximum amount of additive is 0.25 M, but preferably 0.05 M of the ionically charged additive is used.
Preferably, the organic solvent comprises one or more of cyclic carbonates and cyclic and linear ethers and polymers. For example, the organic liquid phase may be one or more of polyethyleneglycol, polyethylene oxide, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethylcarbonate, dimethylcarbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, tetrahydrofuran and dimethylglycolether, although other organic compounds may be used. For example polymer chains may be used to solvate the ionic species, sometimes organic solvents are used in addition to polymers. These have the effect of increasing the conductivity of polymeric systems.
Researchers have previously attempted to improve the performance of batteries using non-aqueous electrolytes by mixing in certain additives, either to improve the conductivity or stop deleterious side reactions. In the past researchers have added crown ethers, to improve lithium intercalation and carbon dioxide, to stabilise the lithium surface on recharge. Other compounds such as potassium hydroxide and potassium superoxide have been used to stabilise electrolytes and to improve the energy efficiency of the cell or battery. These function by reducing the chemical reactivity between the electrode material and the electrolyte.
The batteries of the present invention are able to maintain the energy density of the battery at increasing discharge rates. At high rates of discharge (high currents) using conventional electrolytes, polarisation of ionic species and internal resistance of the battery cause a loss of utilisation of available electrode material prior to the cut off voltage. The present invention decreases the loss in material utilisation at the electrode such that the material utilisation observed at higher discharge rates, is similar to that at low discharge rates.
REFERENCES:
patent: 3997362 (1976-12-01), Eustace et al.
patent: 4132837 (1979-01-01), Soffer
pat
Barnes Philip N
Green Kevin J
Howe Susan J
Wilson James C
Nixon & Vanderhye
Qinetiq Limited
Ruthkosky Mark
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