Fences – Electric
Reexamination Certificate
2001-01-04
2003-02-04
Browne, Lynne H. (Department: 3679)
Fences
Electric
C119S908000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06513793
ABSTRACT:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the priority of French patent application no. 00.00027, filed on Jan. 4, 2000.
The invention relates to an electric fence more particularly intended for enclosing animals.
Increasingly, such fences, employing fencing ropes or tapes, allow users to keep the animals far more safely than other fences, such as those made of barbed wire in particular.
Specifically, because of the high voltage carried in the electrical conductors, most of the risks of injury to the animals are limited, while at the same time forcing the animals to observe defined limits. In fact, the animals very soon learn to distinguish between an electric fence and a non-electrified fence.
Thus, a protected perimeter can be defined precisely, as the users choose, taking account of details specific to each.
However, changes in the world of agriculture are dictating the use of increasingly large plots and, as a side issue of this, increasingly long perimeters and thus increasingly long distances that need to be electrified.
Now, it is necessary for such distances to take account of the voltage available at any point along the fence, including the points farthest from the source of power, so that the fence maintains its repellent qualities so that it maintains its reliability.
To this end, electrification devices have undergone a great deal of development, because it has thus become possible to increase their power while at the same time improving their reliability. In fact, electrification devices delivering a voltage of 10 000 volts or even more are now available on the market. Their reliability is also optimized through the use of built-in electronics in such devices.
The limiting factor therefore consists of the ropes and tapes for electric fences, which run into various problems.
Thus, in the case of fences of long length, these have simultaneously to have high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity and, furthermore, a relatively long life.
The high electrical conductivity is needed for fences of long length, for which there is a desire to have, at any point thereon, even at the ends furthest from the power source, the nominal voltage delivered by the latter or a high enough value appropriate to each animal (for example cows: 2500 V, horses: 1500 V, sheep: 4000 V). Thus, with materials with a relatively high electrical resistivity, the current pulses end up being insufficient to give the said fence its dissuasive and repellent nature with respect to the animals enclosed.
Copper is particularly suitable for fulfilling this requirement. Unfortunately, it is far too weak and too quickly attacked by corrosion, which precludes its use by itself.
In fact, it is sometimes provided with protection, such as a coating of zinc, nickel or tin, and even sometimes silver, for example. However, corrosion sooner or later occurs.
This corrosion may also be accelerated by external factors such as contamination, salt mist, pesticides and other chemical products used in agriculture.
Aluminium for its part has a higher electrical resistivity than copper, but one which is, however, entirely adequate for the envisaged application.
However, these two metals have mechanical properties, particularly in terms of breaking stress and elongation, which are entirely incompatible with application to electric fences, mechanical strength being one of the requirements needed of the electric wires used in the fence. In fact it should be remembered that these fences have to undergo numerous modifications as a result of the various possible configurations of pastures or lots, which lead to the wires quite frequently being folded up or rewound, thereby causing localized mechanical stresses in one direction then the other, quite frequently leading to the breakage of the metal conductors, these breakages usually being undetectable when these metal elements are built into a synthetic support.
These breakages give rise to local impairment or even complete annihilation of the conduction of electricity at certain points in the fence, thus altering its effectiveness for the worst.
It has therefore been proposed that use be made of conducting metal wires made of stainless steel, given the mechanical properties of this material, and particularly its elongation.
Unfortunately, stainless steel has a relatively high electrical resistivity, in fact adversely affecting the good electrical conductivity and making it incompatible with use in large-sized fences unless several electrification devices are used, which would then considerably increase the cost of such an electric fence.
The user is therefore faced with a choice between good electrical conductivity and a service life which is both sufficient and economically viable in the environment in which electric conductors have to be placed.
Various solutions have been proposed with a view to alleviating these drawbacks.
One of them, for example described in document EP-A-0 256 841, proposes associating two types of conductor within one and the same electric fence, these being a conductor with good mechanical properties and a conductor with good electrical conductivity.
In that way, when the conductor with good electrical conductivity breaks locally, and bearing in mind the fact that it is inserted in a textile support in the form of a braid, woven or twist, the wires with good mechanical properties take over conducting electricity, which makes it possible to ensure continuity of the conduction of electricity to another metal element which is a good conductor of electricity.
However, it is to be noted that this result is possible only with a braided support, otherwise there is not any contact between the various metal conductors and the takeover cannot be achieved effectively.
Furthermore, even with such a configuration, conduction is not satisfactory (see, for example, in document FR-A-2 625 599, where an electric fence has a support within which a conductor made of stainless steel and a conductor made of copper are braided side by side, thus providing several points of contact between these conductors: conduction is not satisfactory given the relative mobility of the wires with respect to each other, seeing as they are mounted like warp filaments.
Furthermore, the conductor of lower electrical conductivity affects the overall conduction of electricity, tending towards the same result as an electric fence incorporating a metal conductor of the stainless steel type.
Furthermore, the conducting element of good electrical conductivity, and in this instance the copper or the aluminium, is attacked by corrosion over time, leading it to break at several points affecting the electrical conductivity needed to electrify long distances because, in this case, only the stainless steel that makes up the conductor with good mechanical properties then fulfils this function, but with a certain drop in the desired efficiency.
It has also been proposed, for example in document FR-A-2 655 814, that use be made of conducting wires based on a binary copper/cadmium metal alloy coated at its periphery with a layer of nickel. While, unarguably, the use of such conducting wires makes it possible to achieve a certain efficiency when applied to electrification over long distances it does, however, prove to be relatively expensive given the alloy used.
The object of the invention is therefore to propose an electric fence capable both of being used over long distances and to be so without affecting the electrical conductivity at any point whatsoever on the said fence and also capable of being accessible at reasonable cost while at the same time having mechanical properties capable of allowing it to be reused numerous times.
This electric fence comprises at least one electrically conducting metal wire with good mechanical properties associated with a support. It also incorporates another electrically conducting wire with good electrical conductivity, sheathed with an insulating material over its entire length except for zones distributed at more or less regular interval
Browne Lynne H.
Cardona Victor A.
Heslin Rothenberg Farley & & Mesiti P.C.
Rothenberg Jeff
Thompson Kenneth
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