Miscellaneous active electrical nonlinear devices – circuits – and – Signal converting – shaping – or generating – Slope control of leading or trailing edge of rectangular or...
Reexamination Certificate
2000-11-20
2003-12-16
Le, Dinh T. (Department: 2816)
Miscellaneous active electrical nonlinear devices, circuits, and
Signal converting, shaping, or generating
Slope control of leading or trailing edge of rectangular or...
C327S172000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06664833
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to input/output (I/O) interfaces used for connecting relatively complex and high capacity computer systems to peripheral equipment. More particularly, the present invention relates to a new and improved I/O interface by which to send and receive communication signals, preferably in a serial or narrow parallel form, which offers the advantage of relatively small size, relatively high performance, relatively low power consumption, and comparatively great versatility and flexibility in accommodating and executing a variety of different complex communication protocols.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many modern electronic devices are built as an entire system on a single semiconductor chip, and as such, are known as system on a chip (SoC) integrated circuits or application specific standard products (ASSPs). Building an entire system or large portion of the system on a single chip has a number of advantages. Although the costs of initially designing and fabricating the component may be relatively high, it is very inexpensive to replicate large numbers of the systems, thereby reducing the cost of the system on a per unit basis. By designing the entire system or large portion of the system on a single chip, a high level of functionality and better functional interaction between the components of the system usually results in a more reliable and better functioning product. Usually the entire system or large portion of the system may be fabricated and packaged in an electronic component which is physically very small, making such SoCs and ASSPs ideal for use in small and portable devices which require a relatively high level of functionality, such as portable telephones.
Disadvantages of such entire system SoCs and ASSPs is that they are usually specifically designed to have a single, fixed function. With the continuing evolution of improvements in electronic devices, a fixed function system on a chip is likely to have a relatively short usable lifetime before its functionality becomes outmoded due to the progress of improvements and changes in technology. Very few, if any, improvements may be accommodated in a fixed function chip because it has been specifically designed to implement only a single set of functionality. Its fixed functionality usually does not anticipate future improvements because such future improvements are generally not predictable. In order to implement improvements in such systems, it is necessary to redesign the entire semiconductor chip, which again introduces the relatively high costs of designing and preparing for fabrication of the system on a semiconductor chip.
Attempts at making systems on a chip more flexible in terms of accommodating more than a single fixed functionality have been made, but such attempts involve many complexities. Attempting to determine exactly the mix of the different components needed on such a chip, such as a processor core, memory, logic gates and peripheral interface devices is very difficult to predict because different devices require different quantities of these components and functionality from these components. Efforts to provide great flexibility in terms of quantity and capabilities generally translates into building more of these components to have reserve quantity and excess functionality available. Increasing the number of components on the chip may not be possible, because of the limited size of the chip upon which to form these components. Increasing the number of components on a chip also increases the cost of fabricating the chip.
These considerations are particularly relevant to input/output (I/O) interfaces which are included on such SoCs and ASSPs with increasing regularity. Traditional hard-wired, I/O interfaces are subject to the restrictions of fixed functionality and limited flexibility to accommodate future improvements.
An increasingly popular alternative which provides maximum flexibility is an I/O interface which communicates the signals directly to a register, and an embedded controller connected to that register which executes firmware in accordance with the communication protocol. New or different functionality may be achieved by loading new firmware onto the embedded controller. The disadvantage of this approach is that the clocking rates must generally be many times the rate of the input/output signals, for example a factor of 8 to 32 times greater. With the increases in modern signal communication rates, the internal clock rates necessary to implement this functionality become impractical to achieve, in many circumstances. Moreover in those devices which are portable and operate from self-contained limited power sources such as batteries, the fact that in most modern logic families power consumption increases directly in proportion to the clock rate, the need to use higher clock rates reduces the time for using such devices between recharging. Many devices such as portable telephones and wireless data network adapters depend on having a relatively long usable lifetime between recharging cycles.
Another approach to flexibility is to use programmable logic in the form of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The logic of such FPGAs is programmed as a result of loading a particular control pattern into the chip after it is fabricated. Changing the control pattern permits changing the functionality of the device. The disadvantage of this FPGA approach is that it tends to be significantly less cost-effective, especially for ASSPs and other high-volume production items. Moreover, to insure enough functionality from an FPGA, the number of logic components are typically greater than is actually necessary, typically by a factor of 10 sometimes by as much as a factor of up to 100. Therefore an FPGA will usually consume more space on the SoC than is necessary. Furthermore, it is often difficult to mix FPGAs and blocks of hard wired logic or processor cores on the same chip. FPGAs may offer some benefits, the approach is generally not an ideal solution for all I/O interfaces, nor for power-limited applications.
In all of these cases, the primary nature of a typical I/O interface is a multiplexed serial interface that is either a single data signal or a small number of parallel data signals, which carry larger amounts of data in time sequence. The small number of data signals are often used along with a data transfer clock signal and 1 to 3 other discrete logic signals to perform ancillary functions such as device selection or data direction control. Coding information accompanies these signals and provides control to indicate how the recipient should interpret the received signals. The protocol or rules which govern this sequential transfer may be defined by the behavior of an extended finite state machine. The behavior of a finite state machine can be transformed into a set of logic equations which implement an instance of the communication protocol. The functionality of the state machine depends upon executing commands which set up the various functional states involved in I/O communication. Because of the ability to emulate finite state machines with an embedded processor, it is common to implement I/O protocol control using using firmware on the embedded processor.
Interfaces of this nature are widely used in a variety of applications. For example, the interface may be part of a system chip used in a wireless telephone communication transceiver, in which the system chip acts as both a receiver for incoming signals and a source of outgoing signals to be broadcast. Other examples of similar applications of interfaces are at the opposite ends of a communication link in disk drives, tape drives, wide area networks and local area networks.
In addition, there are a large number of short haul serial buses which are used for communicating signals between separate integrated circuit chips in an electronic device. One type is used in conjunction with external exposed bus, an example of which is the well-known universal serial bus (USB) which is used primarily for connec
DeMont & Breyer LLC
Intersil America's Inc.
Le Dinh T.
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