Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or... – The polynucleotide alters fat – fatty oil – ester-type wax – or...
Patent
1995-11-17
1999-02-02
Mosher, Mary E.
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or...
The polynucleotide alters fat, fatty oil, ester-type wax, or...
536 232, 536 236, 4351723, 435419, A01H 500, C12N 1500, C12N 1529, C12N 504
Patent
active
058667903
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to DNA sequences and plasmids, containing these DNA sequences, which by integration into the genome of a sugar-beet plant, changes the sugar metabolism of the plant to be changed. The invention also relates to transgenic plants formed with the help of these sequences.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Sucrose is of central importance for the plant and serves many functions. For the long distance transport of photoassimilates and/or energy between various organs in plants, sucrose is almost exclusively used. The sucrose, which is transported in a specific heterotrophic organ, determines the growth and the development of this organ. Thus it is known, e.g. from EP 442 592, that transgenic plants, in which the transport away of the sucrose from the exporting leaves is inhibited by expression of an apoplastic invertase, shows a strong reduction in the growth of e.g. roots or tubers in the case of potato plants. For tobacco plants, the principal importance of sucrose as the central function for the long distance transport of energy carriers within the plant is described (von Schaewen et al, 1990, EMBO J 9: 3033-3044).
Further it is also known from EP 455 316 that DNA sequences present on plasmids, after introduction in a plant genome of a potato plant can affect the starch biosynthesis as well altering the amount and composition of the protein in the potato tubers.
While it has known that a reduction of the amount of sucrose imported in the heterotrophic organs, such as tubers and seeds, leads to loss of yield, it is not known whether an increase in the amount of sucrose in the photosynthetically active parts of the plant, mainly the leaves, leads to a better supply of heterotrophic organs and thus to an increase in yield.
Besides sucrose and/or the hexoses, glucose and fructose, derived from sucrose, have the property of protection of plants against frost damage at low temperatures. Frost damage is one of the main limiting factors in agricultural productivity in the northern hemisphere. Temperatures below freezing lead to the formation of ice crystals. Since the growing ice crystals consist of pure water, water is extracted from the cells as the temperature falls.
This dehydration has at least two potential damaging results: cell contracts following the loss of water. Highly concentrated salts and organic acids lead to membrane damage. cell membrane also expands again. The volume expansion puts a heavy mechanical load on the membrane.
It is thus clear that a freezing/dew cycle can lead to severe membrane damage of the cells and thus to damage to the plant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It thus appears worth trying to hinder the freezing. One possible strategy is the increased formation of osmotically active substances in the cytosol of plant cells. This should lead to a lowering of the freezing point. Osmotically active substances include sucrose and/or the two hexoses derived from sucrose.
The increased formation of sucrose and/or the two hexoses at low temperatures is desirable in the growing plant. Another situation can exist in the harvested parts of a plant, especially in storage.
In relation to the economic aspects, sucrose thus possesses two especially important functions: lowering the freezing point in intact, growing plants.
The biosynthesis pathways for the formation of sucrose, either from the primary photosynthesis products (in the leaf) or by breakdown of starch (in the storage organs e.g. of potatoes), are known.
It is however, not known how and in what way changes of the carbohydrate concentration in sugar beet can be achieved since it is not possible to use even very similar genes, such as for example genes that code for a sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or sucrose phosphate synthase of the potato with satisfactory success for the preparation of sugar beet with changed sucrose concentration. An exact analysis and determination of the DNA sequences or sequence fragments for the sugar beet is thus required.
To change the sugar concen
REFERENCES:
EMBL Sequence Database, Acc. No. S54379, Sucrose phosphate synthase release 35, Mar. 31, 1993.
M. Salanoubat, et al., "Molecular Cloning and Sequencing of Sucrose Synthase cDNA from Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): Preliminary Characterization of Sucrose Synthase mRNA Distribution", Gene, vol. 60, 1987, pp. 47-56.
V.D. Sakalo, et al., "Characterization of Molecular Forms of Sucrose Synthase from Beet Roots", Biological Abstracts, vol. 95, Philadelphia, PA., Abstract No. 79002.
S. Fieuw, et al., "Sucrose Synthase and Sucrose Phosphate Synthase in Sugar Beet Plants Beta-Vulgaris -ssp-Altissima", Biological Abstracts, vol. 85, Philadelphia, PA., Abstract No. 72586.
Arai, M. et al. Plant Cell Physiol. vol. 33(4), pp. 503-506, 1992.
Napoli, C. et al. The Plant Cell, vol. 2, pp. 279-289, 1990.
Smith, C.J.S. et al. Nature, vol. 334, pp. 724-726, 1988.
Nagata, M. et al. Acta Horticulturae, No. 394, pp. 213-128 (abstract only cited), 1995.
Hesse Holger
Muller-Rober Bernd
Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH
Mosher Mary E.
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