Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or... – The polynucleotide alters fat – fatty oil – ester-type wax – or...
Patent
1994-12-20
1998-06-16
Moody, Patricia R.
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or...
The polynucleotide alters fat, fatty oil, ester-type wax, or...
536 236, 435 691, 4351723, 4352404, 4353201, 800DIG42, A01H 500, C12N 1529, C12N 1582
Patent
active
057673659
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to DNA sequences and plasmids, containing these DNA sequences, which by integration into a plant genome, cause the activity of the sucrose-phosphate-synthase (SPS) of the plant to be changed and thus affect the sugar metabolism of the plant. The invention further relates to transgenic plants, in which through introduction of the DNA sequences, changes in the activity of the sucrose-phosphate-synthase are produced.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Sucrose is of central importance for the plant and serves many functions. For the long distance transport of photoassimilates and/or energy between various organs in plants, sucrose is almost exclusively used. The sucrose which is transported in a specific heterotrophic organ determines the growth and the development of this organ. Thus it is known, e.g. from EP 442 592, that transgenic plants, in which the transport of the sucrose away from the exporting leaves is inhibited by expression of an apoplastic invertase, shows a strong reduction in the growth of e.g. roots or tubers in the case of potato plants. For tobacco plants, the principal importance of sucrose for the long distance transport of energy carriers within the plant is described in von Schaewen et al, 1990, EMBO J 9: 3033-3044.
While it has been clearly shown that a reduction of the amount of sucrose imported in the heterotrophic organs, such as tubers and seeds, leads to loss of yield, it is not known whether an increase in the amount of sucrose in the photosynthetically active parts of the plant, mainly the leaves, leads to a better supply of heterotrophic organs and thus to an increase in yield.
A second central role for sucrose and/or the hexoses, glucose and fructose, which are derived from sucrose, is in the protection of plants against frost damage at low temperatures. Frost damage is one of the main limiting factors in agricultural productivity in the northern hemisphere. Temperatures below freezing lead to the formation of ice crystals. Since the growing ice crystals consist of pure water, water is abstracted from the cells as the temperature falls.
This dehydration has at least two potential damaging results: cell contracts following the loss of water. Highly concentrated salts and organic acids lead to membrane damage; cell membrane also expands again. The volume expansion puts a heavy mechanical load on the membrane.
It is thus clear that a freezing/dew cycle can lead to severe membrane damage of the cells and thus to damage to the plant.
It thus appears worth while to hinder the freezing of plant cells. One possible strategy is to increase the formation of osmotically active substances in the cytosol of plant cells. This should lead to a lowering of the freezing point. Osmotically active substances include sucrose and/or the two hexoses which are derived from sucrose.
The increased formation of sucrose and/or the two hexoses at low temperatures is desirable in the growing plant. Another situation can exist in the harvested parts of a plant, especially in storage. For example, in potato tubers that are stored at 4.degree.-8.degree. C., hexoses (glucose) accumulate. It would appear to be sensible, to see this as the answer to a lowering of the temperature ("cold-sweetening").
The accumulation of sucrose and glucose has in the case of potato tubers economically undesirable results. Increased amounts of reducing sugars, such as glucose, in potatoes which are fried when preparing crisps, chips and the like, leads to an undesirable browning due to the Maillard reaction. Such products with a dark brown color are not strength is strongly dependent on the content of starch and/or its breakdown products which are important in determining the quality characteristics of the potato.
In relation to the economic aspects, sucrose thus possesses three especially important functions: lowering the freezing point in intact, growing plants, and of a plant, e.g. the potato tubers, as a result of low temperatures.
The biosynthesis pathways for the formation of
REFERENCES:
patent: 5387756 (1995-02-01), Burrell et al.
The Plant Cell, vol. 3, No. 10, October 1991, pp. 1121-1130, A. C. Worrell et al., "Expression of a Maize Sucrose Phosphate Synthase in Tomato Alters Leaf Carbohydrate Partitioning".
The Plant Journal, vol. 1, No. 1, 1991, pp. 51-58, Quick, W.P., WT al., "The Impact of Decreased Rubisco on Photosynthesis, Growth, Allocation and Storage in Tobacco Plants Which Have Been Transformed With Antisense rbcS".
Plant Physiology, vol. 99, No. 1, May 1992, p. 12, Sonnewald, U., et al., "Molecular Approaches to Influence Sink-Source Interactions in Transgenic Plants".
Biological Abstracts, vol. 55, 1973, Abstract No. 68960, T. Murata, Sucrose Phosphate Synthetase from Various Plant Origins see abstract & Agricultural Biological Chem., vol. 36, No. 11, 1972, pp. 1877-1884.
Biological Abstracts, vol. 80, 1985, Philadelphia, PA US; abstract No. 85644, Sowokinos, J.R. et al., "Translucent Tissue Defects in Solanum Tuberosum: 1. Alterations in Amyloplast Membrane Integrity, Enzyme Activities, Sugars and Starch Content" see abstract & Plant Physiol., vol. 78, No. 3, 1985, pp. 489,494.
Sonnewald et al 1992 (Aug.) Plant Physiol 99:1267-1270.
Finnegan et al 1994 Bio/Technology 12:883-888.
Institut fur Genbiologische Forschung Berlin GmbH
Moody Patricia R.
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