Electricity: measuring and testing – Particle precession resonance – Spectrometer components
Reexamination Certificate
1999-03-26
2003-09-23
Gutierrez, Diego (Department: 2859)
Electricity: measuring and testing
Particle precession resonance
Spectrometer components
C324S322000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06624633
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, and particularly to the radio-frequency (RF) coils used in such systems.
Magnetic resonance imaging utilizes hydrogen nuclear spins of the water molecules in the human body, which are polarized by a strong, uniform, static magnetic field of the magnet (named B
0
or the main magnetic field in MRI physics). The magnetically polarized nuclear spins generate magnetic moments in the human body. The magnetic moments point in the direction of the main magnetic field in a, steady state, and produce no useful information if they are not disturbed by any excitation.
The generation of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal for MRI data acquisition is accomplished by exciting the magnetic moments with a uniform RF magnetic field (named B
1
or the excitation field). The B
1
field is produced in the imaging region of interest by an RF transmit coil which is driven by a computer-controlled RF transmitter with a power amplifier. During excitation, the nuclear spin system absorbs magnetic energy, and it's magnetic moments precess around the direction of the main magnetic field. After excitation, the precessing magnetic moments will go through a process of free induction decay (FID), releasing their absorbed energy and returning to the steady state. During FID, NMR signals are detected by the use of a receive RF coil, which is placed in the vicinity of the excited volume of the human body. The NMR signal is the secondary electrical voltage (or current) in the receive RF coil that has been induced by the precessing magnetic moments of the human tissue. The receive RF coil can be either the transmit coil itself, or an independent receive-only RF coil. The NMR signal is used for producing images by using additional pulsed magnetic gradient fields, which are generated by gradient coils integrated inside the main magnet system. The gradient fields are used to spatially encode the signals and selectively excite a specific volume of the human body. There are usually three sets of gradient coils in a standard MRI system, which generate magnetic fields in the same direction of the main magnetic field, varying linearly in the imaging volume.
In MRI, it is desirable for the excitation and reception to be spatially uniform in the imaging volume for better image uniformity. In a standard MRI system, the best excitation field homogeneity is usually obtained by using a whole-body volume RF coil for transmission. The whole-body transmit coil is the largest RF coil in the system. A large coil, however, produces a lower signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio if it is also used for reception, mainly because of its greater distance from the signal-generating tissues being imaged. Since a high S/N ratio is the most desirable in MRI, special-purpose coils are used for reception to enhance the S/N ratio from the volume of interest.
In practice, a well-designed specialty RF coil is required to have the following functional properties: high S/N ratio, good uniformity, high unloaded quality factor (Q) of the resonance circuit, and high ratio of the unloaded to loaded Q factors. In addition, the coil device must be mechanically designed to facilitate patient handling and comfort, and to provide a protective barrier between the patient and the RF electronics. Another way to increase the S/N ratio is by quadrature reception. In this method, NMR signals are detected in two orthogonal directions, which are in the transverse plane or perpendicular to the main magnetic field. The two signals are detected by two independent individual coils which cover the same volume of interest. With quadrature reception, the S/N ratio can be increased by up to {square root over (2)} over that of the individual linear coils.
In magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the lower abdomen and lower extremities of a patient, a peripheral vascular (PV) RF coil is required to cover the blood vessels from the renal arteries to the dorsal digital arteries of the feet. This coverage or the field of view (FOV) is about 132 cm for the patient population of 95 percentile. However, the commercially available MRI apparatus, as of today, has an usable imaging volume of a sphere of 45 to 50 cm diameter. To perform MRA of the peripheral vascular vessels, three consecutive scans are required to cover the field of view. Commercially available RF coils used for this application have been the system body coil and torso coil. However, the signal to noise ratio by the system body coil is too low for the application. The standard specialty torso coil does not cover the FOV for PV imaging. As a result, the torso coil has to be moved and the patient has to be positioned three times to cover the whole lower abdomen and extremities. This costs too much MRI examination time, and more importantly, does not allow bolus tracing or bolus imaging that is an important MRA procedure.
To cover a large field of view, while maintaining the S/N ratio characteristic of a small and conformal coil, a linear surface coil array technique was created to image the entire human spines (U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,162). Subsequently, other linear surface array coils were used for CTL spine imaging, such as the technique described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,768. These two devices consist of an array of planar linear surface coil elements. These coil systems do not work well for imaging deep tissues, such as the blood vessels in the lower abdomen, due to sensitivity drop-off away from the coil surface.
To image the lower extremities, quadrature phased array coils have been utilized such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,378 (Jones) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,218 (Lu). The first quadrature phased array coil (Jones) images the lower extremities by using two orthogonal linear coil arrays: six planar loop coil elements placed in the horizontal plane and underneath the patient and six planar loop coil elements placed in the vertical plane and in between the legs. Each linear coil array functions in a similar way as described by Roemer (U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,162) which is incorporated herein by reference. The second quadrature phased array coil (Lu) was designed to image the blood vessels from the pelvis down. This device also consists of two orthogonal linear coil arrays extending in the head-to-toe direction: a planar array of loop coil elements laterally centrally located on top of the second array of butterfly coil elements. The loop coils are placed immediately underneath the patient and the butterfly coils are wrapped around the patient. Again, each linear coil array functions in a similar way as described by Roemer (U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,162).
The Jones quadrature phased array coil requires very accurately controlled and fixed positioning between the two sets of linear array coils. This is because one set of loop coils are in the very sensitive center region of the other linear coil array. The two sets of arrays are orthogonal only when the geometrical symmetry is perfect, including patient loading and other interactions with the MRI system environment. This results in difficulties in manufacturing and performance consistency of the device. Secondly, the use of two orthogonal planes in the design requires that the vertical coils be placed in between the legs. This feature limits the coil from being used to cover the pelvis and the lower abdomen region which are very important in PV MRI. Another drawback of this design is that the image uniformity is not optimized since the coil system does not have sufficient sensitivity in the upper outer volume.
In the Lu quadrature phased array coil device, the loop coil array is also placed right in the very sensitive bottom center region of the butterfly coil array. Therefore, the quadrature isolation and performance of the two arrays are sensitive to the relative position of the two arrays and to the shape of the flexible butterfly volume coil array. The loop coil array has high sensitivity and coverage for the bottom volume only and the butterfly coil array covers bo
Stickle Thomas
Wrenn James J.
Zou Mark X.
Gutierrez Diego
Pearne & Gordon LLP
USA Instruments, Inc.
Vargas Dixomara
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