Telecommunications – Transmitter and receiver at same station – With transmitter-receiver switching or interaction prevention
Reexamination Certificate
1998-10-27
2002-08-13
Kincaid, Lester G. (Department: 2685)
Telecommunications
Transmitter and receiver at same station
With transmitter-receiver switching or interaction prevention
C455S078000, C455S082000, C455S127500
Reexamination Certificate
active
06434368
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to the telecommunications field and, in particular, to a current-controlled diode-based transmit/receive (T/R) switch for a radio transceiver, such as, for example, a PIN-diode T/R switch.
2. Description of Related Art
In radio transceivers that do not transmit and receive simultaneously, a T/R switch is commonly used at the transceiver's antenna port. The T/R switch has three ports: a common port (ANT) connected to the transceiver's antenna; a transmit (TX) port connected to a power amplifier (PA); and a receive (RX) port connected to the front end of the transceiver's receiver. The purpose of the T/R switch is to provide a low loss connection between the PA and the antenna while in the transmission mode, isolate the receiver from the TX power when the PA is operating (in the transmission mode), and provide a low loss connection between the antenna and the receiver while in the receive mode.
If a T/R switch is implemented similar to the PIN diode T/R switch arrangement shown in
FIG. 1
, it is necessary for current to flow through the PIN diodes (
1
,
2
) while in the TX mode. Basically, this type of switch has two modes of operation: the TX mode and a RX mode. While the switch is operating in the RX mode (depending on the bias level
6
applied via the inductor
7
), no current flows through the PIN diodes (
1
,
2
), and both diodes present a high impedance (and a low insertion loss) in the RX path. While operating in the TX mode, current flows through both diodes (
1
,
2
), and they present a very low impedance. The quarter-wavelength transmission line (
3
) causes diode
2
to act as an open circuit (as seen from Node
9
), and the path between the TX port and the antenna (
8
) has a relatively low loss because the diode
1
in that path acts as a virtual short circuit.
Referring to the diagram of a prior art transceiver unit with PIN diode-based T/R switch technology as shown in
FIG. 2
, in the TX mode, if the current flow through the diodes (I
SW
) is decreased, the insertion loss (for a radio frequency or RF signal) in the switch will be increased. Consequently, in order to compensate for that loss, the output power of the transmitter section's PA (P
PA
) has to be increased so that the power delivered to the antenna (P
ANT
) will be maintained. Additionally, if the output power of the PA is increased, the current consumption in the PA will also be increased.
The use of PIN diode T/R switch technology in the prior art is exemplified in the Hewlett Packard Application Note 1067, entitled “An SPDT PIN Diode T/R Switch for PCN Applications,” and the Siemens Application Note by Knut Brenndörfer and Jörg Lützner, entitled “Antenna switches with PIN diodes for digital mobile communications”. Also, German Patent No. DE-4029788 discloses a method for reducing current in a PIN diode T/R switch which is operating in the RX mode. A PIN diode T/R switch of the type disclosed in the German Patent is shown in FIG.
3
.
Returning to
FIG. 2
, the prior art methods that use a PIN diode-based T/R switch can be illustrated by the diagram shown in this FIGURE. Essentially, the value of the resistor, R, sets a fixed amount of current that biases the T/R switch's PIN diodes (not explicitly shown) in the TX mode. The resistive value is typically chosen to provide a fairly low insertion loss at the highest P
ANT
level. If the transceiver is required to transmit at only one specific output power level, then the switch current, I
SW
, can be chosen so that the sum of the switch current, I
SW
, and the power amplifier current, I
PA
, is minimized. As such, the use of too low a value of I
SW
will result in a higher insertion loss in the T/R switch, which would require more output power from the PA (P
PA
) and, consequently, an increase in the total current consumed. On the other hand, the use of too high a value of I
SW
, will not significantly decrease the insertion loss in the T/R switch, and the additional PIN diode current that results will increase only the total current.
In this regard, a significant problem occurs if a transceiver is required to be able to transmit over a range of different output power levels. The value of the switch current, I
SW
, will be optimized for only one output power level. For other output power levels, the value of I
SW
will be sub-optimal (i.e., too high or too low). In other words, the prior art solution to the problem of transmitting at different power levels results in a compromise. As such, the loss between the PA and the antenna has a major effect on a transceiver's overall efficiency, but at the lower power levels, that loss is relatively unimportant. However, at the low power levels, it is disadvantageous to allow an unnecessarily large amount of current flow through the PIN switch, because that current forms a large part of the total current being consumed. At the low power levels, the PA itself does not consume much power. In that regard, if the transceiver is part of a battery-powered device (e.g., mobile cellular phone), it is important to minimize the transceiver's overall current consumption.
The technology disclosed in the above-described German Patent does not deal specifically with this particular power consumption problem. Instead, the German Patent discloses a method for reducing current in a PIN diode T/R switch operating in the RX mode. As such, this method is not useful for the type of T/R switch disclosed in
FIG. 1
, because this switch does not consume any current in the RX mode. However, as described in detail below, the present invention successfully resolves the above-described problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, a method and apparatus are provided for efficient transmission over a range of power levels with a diode-based T/R switched transceiver (e.g., PIN-diode switch), whereby a small amount of current flows through the switch at the lower power levels, and a large amount of current flows through the switch at the higher power levels. In a transceiver that can transmit at different power levels, a control unit sets the power amplifier to a specific gain for a specific power level. The control unit knows what power level the transceiver's power amplifier is set to. Consequently, using a controllable current source, the control unit can set the current through the switch to a suitable value that minimizes the total current consumption, including the current consumption in both the power amplifier and the switch.
An important technical advantage of the present invention is that the current consumption of the transceiver will be decreased over the complete range of transmitted power levels.
Another important technical advantage of the present invention is that if the transceiver is part of a battery-powered unit, the life of the battery will be increased.
Yet another important technical advantage of the present invention is that the switch current is optimal for all transmitted power levels.
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patent: 5109538 (1992-04-01), Ikonen et al.
patent: 5230090 (1993-07-01), Zametzer et al.
patent: 5276912 (1994-01-01), Siwiak et al.
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patent: 5896563 (1999-04-01), Kawanami et al.
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patent: 101984 (1999-04-01), None
patent: 58-85644 (1983-05-01), None
patent: 2-162919 (1990-06-01), None
Hewlett Packard, Application Note 1067, “An SPDT PIN Diode T/R Switch for PCN Applications”, 1994, pp. 1-9.
Knut Brenndörfer, Jörg, Lützner, “Antenna Switches with PIN Diodes for Digital Mobile Communications”, Siemens Semiconductor Group, Components XXIX (1994) No. 2, pp. 26-29.
Jenkens & Gilchrist P.C.
Kincaid Lester G.
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ)
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