Radiant energy – Invisible radiant energy responsive electric signalling – Infrared responsive
Reexamination Certificate
2000-07-11
2002-06-25
Hannaher, Constantine (Department: 2878)
Radiant energy
Invisible radiant energy responsive electric signalling
Infrared responsive
Reexamination Certificate
active
06410918
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is in the field of diffusion-type Non-Dispersive Infrared (“NDIR”) gas analyzers.
2. Description of the Prior Art
NDIR gas analysis measures the concentration of a gas in a sample by determining the amount of absorption of light which occurs at wavelengths which are normally selected to coincide with a relatively strong absorption band that is characteristic of the gas to be measured. In its simplest form, an NDIR gas analyzer contains a radiation source, an optical interference filter, a sample chamber, a detector and associated electronics. In operation, light is emitted from the radiation source and passed through the sample chamber where a portion of the light is absorbed by a sample gas. Next, light is passed through the filter to remove undesired wavelengths of light and then the remaining filtered light is passed on to the detector which measures the strength of the filtered light. Finally, the associated electronics calculate the concentration of the gas being measured in the sample cell.
The theory of NDIR gas analysis is well established. It has long been considered one of the best methods for gas measurement. However, it is not suitable for many uses because of its complicated and expensive implementation. In designing a low cost NDIR gas analyzer, there are a number of trade-offs in the design which must be evaluated and balanced for a particular end use. The optical scheme of the NDIR gas analyzer should be highly efficient and should provide the maximum possible signal on the detector. There should also be an efficient way to exchange gas inside the sample chamber with ambient gas through the diffusive material. However, the diffusive material should have enough density to protect the inside of the sample chamber from particles of dust. As a result, a good design should take the following limitations into account: (1) the density and the thickness of the diffusive material should be efficient to protect against dust and other unwanted particles, (2) the signal to noise ratio on the detector should be sufficient to measure the signals; (3) the power consumption of the source is limited, especially in the case of low power applications powered by a battery; and (4) the response time of the sensor. And, of course, cost must be considered in meeting these limitations.
Over the years, various improvements have been made to simplify NDIR gas analyzers in order to reduce the cost of such devices. Examples of some improvements are set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,163,332, 5,222,389 and 5,340,986, of which involve diffusion-type NDIR gas analyzers which rely upon a specularly reflective waveguide. Advantages of such devices are simplicity of design and cost. By relying upon diffusion to bring gas into the sample chamber, such devices eliminate the need for more complex and expensive components associated with NDIR gas analyzers which must rely on a pump to create a gas flow into and out of the gas sample chamber. By relying upon a waveguide, such devices use one of the most efficient ways to transport light from the source to the detector through the gas chamber. While such improvements have advanced the state of the art of NDIR gas analyzers, there are still many applications in which NDIR gas analyzers cannot be used when low cost is an integral design constraint, especially when a quick response time is required.
Accordingly, a continuing need exists for inexpensive NDIR gas analyzers. In addition, there is also a continuing need for further improvements in NDIR gas analyzers which will increase their response time in low cost applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is generally directed to an improved diffusion-type NDIR gas analyzer with an improved response time due to a convection flow created by a temperature gradient between gas located within the waveguide and gas located within a diffusion pocket of space created between the waveguide and a semi-permeable membrane which surrounds the waveguide.
In a first, separate aspect of the present invention, a semi-permeable membrane is provided which is made of a hydrophobic material with a thickness sufficient to provide its own structural integrity so that it can surround the waveguide and create a diffusion pocket of space between the membrane and the waveguide. The semipermeable membrane can have a porosity less than approximately 50 &mgr;m, and a porosity of approximately 10 &mgr;m is especially advantageous. Suitable materials for making the semi-permeable membrane include ultra high molecular weight polyethylene or TEFLON® (polytetraflourethylene). It has been found that back diffusion through the semi-permeable membrane effectively stops when gas is pumped into the waveguide.
In another, separate aspect of the present invention, a first aperture is located in a first portion of the waveguide and a second aperture is located in a second portion of the waveguide. The apertures are sized and spaced apart such that gas flow into the waveguide is assisted by a convection flow created by a temperature gradient. As a result of convection flow, it is possible to detect approximately 95% of the signal of a sample gas in less than approximately thirty seconds.
In still another, separate aspect of the present invention, a temperature gradient may be created by heat given off by an infrared radiation source which is not thermally isolated from the sample chamber. This configuration also eliminates the need for a second window in the waveguide.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an improved diffusion-type NDIR gas analyzer with an improved response time.
This and further objects and advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art in connection with the drawings and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments set forth below.
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Baker & Hostetler L.L.P.
Edwards Systems Technology, Inc.
Hannaher Constantine
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