Wave transmission lines and networks – Attenuators
Reexamination Certificate
2002-04-02
2003-12-23
Tokar, Michael (Department: 2819)
Wave transmission lines and networks
Attenuators
C322S066000, C322S066000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06667669
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a differential diode attenuator for attenuating a differential analog signal and, more particularly, to a differential PIN diode attenuator for selectively attenuating a differential analog signal, where a diode DC bias voltage is applied to a location in the attenuator circuit where the differential parts of the signal cancel so that DC blocking inductors are not required and the entire circuit can be provided on a single integrated circuit chip.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Historically, communications systems sampled analog signals to provide signal processing in the system. Modern trends generally represent signals in communications systems as time sampled digital data signals. Because of the availability of very high frequency circuits, it has become possible to process digital signals at higher and higher frequencies into the 100's of MHz. Digital signal processing offers the advantages of flexibility for change, absolute accuracy without the need for calibration of analog components that are subjected to temperature and aging effects, and the ability to perform very complex signal processing at modest costs. Further, digital signal processing offers the possibility of sharing circuit components for multiple tasks, further reducing system hardware and related costs. However, digital circuit components become very expensive at high frequencies. Further, for those digital systems that process both radio frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) signals, extreme care must be taken to maintain the accuracy of the signal, especially for waveforms employing complex modulation.
Cellular telephone base stations employ many receiver circuits for receiving and processing cellular telephone signals. Each receiver circuit typically employs two channels, a primary channel and a diversity channel, each having a separate antenna, so that the receiver circuit can select which of the two received signals is the strongest for subsequent processing. Some receiver circuits combine the primary channel and diversity channel signals for increased performance. This allows the receiver to be more reliable by lessening the chance that cellular calls are dropped. However, receivers of this type have been limited in their effectiveness for reducing circuit components, reducing the size and cost of IF sampling circuits, and maintaining signal fidelity at high frequencies.
Receiver circuits for cellular base stations employ automatic gain control (AGC) using variable gain amplifiers (VGAs) and multiplexers for amplifying and selecting analog signals propagating through the primary and diversity channels. The analog signals are also applied to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to be converted to digital signals for digital processing. One or more ADCs are employed at various locations in the circuit relative to the VGA and multiplexer.
The known Analog Devices AD6600 Diversity Receiver chipset provides independent channel attenuation, multiplexing, signal gain and analog-to-digital conversion on a single chip. In this design, an analog multiplexer is preceded by individual variable gain attenuator stages for each channel and a peak detecting gain control circuit.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,831 discloses a clock-to-clock auto-ranging ADC that operates directly on an analog signal in the IF band or higher to track it's gain range on a clock-to-clock basis to produce a digital signal that maintains high resolution of the analog signal without clipping or loss of signal sensitivity. The ADC samples the analog signal at sufficiently high frequency so that a peak detector can accurately determine the maximum signal level over at least one-half of a signal period, and then reset the signal gain going into the ADC prior to the beginning of the next sample period. The '831 patent offers improvements for analog-to-digital conversion, but does not address the multiplexing architecture for high frequency. Further, combining all of the functions as is done in the '831 patent onto a single chip slows the speed of the signal throughput and compromises the isolation between the primary and diversity channels.
National Semiconductor has a diversity receiver chipset of the type being discussed herein that operates at high frequency, but requires several separate chips in various architectures. Further, this chipset does not multiplex the analog signals, but has a separate parallel VGA and ADC path for each primary and diversity channel. This design provides good isolation, but drives up the cost of implementation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a differential PIN diode attenuator is disclosed that selectively attenuates a differential analog input signal. The two parts of the differential signal are applied to separate input lines and are 180° out of phase with each other. One input line is coupled to a first attenuation path including a resistor and a first non-attenuation path including a PIN diode. The other input line is coupled to a second attenuation path including a resistor and a second non-attenuation path including a PIN diode. The diodes are biased by a DC bias signal so that the differential analog signal can bypass the attenuation paths when the attenuator is in a non-attenuation mode. The DC bias signal is applied to a control input node halfway between the input lines where the two parts of the differential signal cancel. Therefore, no RF signal is present at the DC bias input location that may otherwise corrupt the DC bias signal. Thus, no RF blocking inductors are required, and the entire attenuator circuit can be provided on a single integrated circuit chip.
In one embodiment, the desired attenuation is relatively high, and thus the resistor in both of the attenuation paths would normally be relatively large to provide this amount of attenuation. However, as the attenuation resistors become larger, the unbiased diodes act to limit signal bandwidth. According to the invention, a shunt diode and parallel shunt resistors are provided in combination with the attenuation resistor to allow it to have a relatively small value. Also, to maintain the same input impedance for both the attenuation and non-attenuation modes, a pair of diodes are tied to the input lines that are selectively biased to switch in additional resistors for the attenuation mode so that the input impedance is the same as the non-attenuation mode.
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“Diversity Receiver Chipset CLC5526, CLC5957 and CLC 5902”; National Semiconductor Corporation; Feb. 9, 2000; 5 pgs.
Brannon, B., “Designing a Superheterodyne Receiver Using an IF Sampling Diversity Chipset”, Analog Devices, Inc.; 2000; 3 pgs.
Oki, A.K., Gorman, G.K., Camou, J.B., Umemoto, D.K. and Kim, M.E.; “A GaAs HBT Monolithic Microwave Switched-Gain Amplifier with +31 db to −dB Gain in 2 dB Increments”, IEEE 1989 Microwave and Millimieter-Wave Monolithic Circuits Symposium, pps. 83-86.
Goyette William R.
Harberts Harry S.
Miller John A.
Nguyen Khai
Northrop Grumman Corporation
Tokar Michael
Warn, Burgess & Hoffmann, P.C.
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