Oscillators – Solid state active element oscillator – Transistors
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-04
2002-10-22
Kinkead, Arnold (Department: 2817)
Oscillators
Solid state active element oscillator
Transistors
C331S1170FE, C331S17700V, C331S182000, C331S183000, C331S03600C
Reexamination Certificate
active
06469587
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electronic circuits, and, in particular, to signal generators such as voltage-controlled oscillator circuits.
2. Description of the Related Art
For many electronic applications, an oscillator circuit is employed to generate a periodic oscillating waveform. Oscillator circuits in general are implemented with a tuned amplifier with positive feedback from the output to the input, and are designed to take advantage of the instability possible in circuits having such a feedback loop. Oscillator circuits are designed with instability such that there is a frequency at which the loop gain is real and greater than one. Once drive voltage and current are applied to the circuit, the oscillator output signal oscillates between the maximum and minimum values of the amplifier output, thus generating the periodic output signal having a frequency related to the loop gain. Since a tuned amplifier is employed, the oscillator's loop gain frequency is, to a great extent, determined by the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) values used to tune the amplifier (i.e., the “tank” circuit). A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a circuit that generates a periodic output signal with frequency based on an input voltage level. In many VCOs, a varactor diode is employed since the space-charge capacitance of the varactor changes as a function of control voltage (e.g., reverse biasing voltage), thus changing the capacitance of the tank circuit. Many different circuit configurations are known in the art to implement a VCO.
As VCO output frequencies increase for radio frequency (RF) applications (e.g., above 1 GHz), many prior art VCOs implemented within an integrated circuit (IC) employ an accumulation-mode varactor. For example, a common n-well structure for an accumulation-mode varactor may be an n-channel MOS FET fabricated in an n-well (or a p-channel MOS FET fabricated in a p-well). Alternatively, the accumulation-mode varactor may be a common n-well MOS bi-polar transistor. The capacitance of the accumulation-mode varactor is formed from the combined capacitance of the oxide layer and depletion layer. The capacitance of the accumulation-mode varactor changes as the reverse bias voltage applied across the varactor changes the varactor's state between deep accumulation and strong depletion of charge in the semiconductor layers.
VCO circuits commonly employed in the prior art comprise a single-ended control voltage (V
C
) drive circuit to provide the varying bias voltage across the varactor. Such single-ended control voltage is applied to one terminal of the varactor, while the other terminal is generally coupled to a supply voltage (V
DD
) or AC-coupled through an inductor or capacitor to V
DD
. The single-ended control voltage sets the variable capacitance of the varactors. Setting the variable capacitance of the varactors, in turn, tunes the LC-tank circuit to the desired operating frequency f.
FIG. 1
shows an integrated differential LC VCO
100
of the prior art as may be implemented within an integrated circuit and operating with an output frequency above 1 GHz. In LC-VCO
100
, two accumulation-mode varactors
101
and
102
are coupled back-to back in a common n-well configuration, the common n-wells of varactors
101
and
102
driven at node N
1
by the DC control voltage V
C
. The other terminal of each of varactors
101
and
102
(shown at nodes N
2
and N
3
) is coupled through a corresponding resistor R to the supply voltage V
DD
. For LC-VCO
100
of
FIG. 1
, the output voltages at corresponding terminals of varactors
101
and
102
(at nodes N
2
and N
3
) are AC-coupled through capacitors
104
and
105
to nodes N
4
and N
5
as output voltages V
o
− and V
o
+. One skilled in the art would recognize that the output voltages from varactors
101
and
102
do not necessarily have to be AC-coupled. Inductors
106
and
107
are coupled between 1) corresponding nodes N
4
and N
5
and 2) the supply voltage V
DD
. Inductors
106
and
107
may be coupled directly between the supply voltage V
DD
and nodes N
2
and N
3
if the output voltages V
o
− and V
o
+ are not AC-coupled.
Output voltages V
o
+ and V
o
− are driven through a differential amplifier formed from cross-coupled MOS FETs M
1
108
and M
2
109
, with M
1
108
and M
2
109
biased, as known in the art, via the circuit of MOS FET M
3
110
, MOS FET M
4
111
, and current source
112
. Positive feedback for the differential amplifier is generally through the LC-tank formed between nodes N
4
, N
5
, and VDD. The resonant frequency f of LC-VCO
100
is determined by the LC-tank of the LC-VCO circuit (i.e., f=2&pgr;{square root over (LC)}). For the LC-tank, L is the inductance of the circuit generated from the combination of inductors
106
and
107
, and C is the capacitance formed from the combination of 1) the varying capacitance of varactors
101
and
102
, 2) the capacitance of capacitors
104
and
105
, 3) the capacitance of the differential cross-coupled MOS FETs M
1
108
and M
2
109
, and 4) various IC parasitic capacitance.
The single-ended control voltage (e.g., V
C
of
FIG. 1
) sets the variable capacitance of the varactors. However, use of a single-ended control voltage drive circuit provides poor common-mode noise rejection. One approach is to increase common-mode noise rejection with AC-coupling of the output voltages, such as described with respect to FIG.
1
. AC-coupling adds capacitance, which reduces the amplitude of the oscillation waveform across the varactor by the capacitance divider ratio. Therefore, AC-coupling reduces phase noise effects in output voltages at the expense of lower frequency tuning range and lower VCO gain. This, and related techniques for improving common-mode noise rejection, are is described in greater detail in F. Svelto and R. Castello, “A 1.3 GHz Low-Phase Noise Fully Tunable CMOS LC-VCO”, IEEE Journal on Solid State Circuits, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 2000, incorporated herein by reference.
In addition, accumulation-mode varactors have a voltage-capacitance curve in which a majority of the variation in capacitance occurs between −1 to +1 volts of change in bias voltage across the varactor. However, bias of the varactor with a single-ended control voltage may not vary capacitance over the entire voltage-capacitance curve. As illustrated in
FIG. 1
, prior art differential LC-VCO circuits connect one side of each varactor (shown at nodes N
4
and N
5
) directly to a terminal of the inductor which sets the DC bias point of the varactor to the DC value appearing at the other terminal of the inductor, which is often the positive power supply V
DD
. Thus, these prior art VCOs utilize only half of the variable capacitance range of each varactor, or additional circuitry is typically employed that allows for driving the varactors above and below the DC bias point.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) includes a pair of varactors that are coupled in a back-to-back configuration, and are driven by a differential control voltage comprising positive and complementary control voltage components to generate an output oscillation waveform. A voltage converter is employed to amplify and shift the positive and complementary control voltage components, with respect to a VCO source voltage, to generate the intermediate differential control voltage. The output signal of the VCO is tuned, in frequency, by setting a VCO tank inductance and varying a VCO tank capacitance in accordance with the intermediate differential control voltage. The VCO LC-tank capacitance includes the capacitance of the back-to-back varactors that varies in accordance with a drive voltage across each varactor. The drive voltage is formed from the intermediate control voltage by applying one of the intermediate control voltage components to the node formed where the corresponding back-to-back varactors are coup
Agere Systems Guardian Corp.
Hughes Ian M.
Kinkead Arnold
Mendelsohn Steve
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