Diaminorhodamine derivative

Details Diaminorhodamine derivative Diaminorhodamine derivative

2000-08-18

2004-06-29

Warden, Jill (Department: 1743)

Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing

Nitrogen containing

Oxides of nitrogen

C436S106000, C436S164000, C436S172000, C549S265000, C549S227000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06756231

ABSTRACT:

TECHNICAL FILED
The present invention relates to a rhodamine derivative useful as a reagent for measurement of nitric oxide, and a reagent for nitric oxide measurement that comprises said compound.
BACKGROUND ART
Nitric oxide (NO) is an unstable radical species of a short life, and has been elucidated to have important functions as a physiological active substance in a living body (Chemistry Today [Gendai Kagakul], April, 1994, Special Edition; Pharmacia, May, 1997, Special Edition). Methods for measuring nitric oxide are roughly classified into indirect methods, which measure NO
2
−
and NO
3
−
as oxidative degradation products of nitric oxide, and methods based on direct measurement of nitric oxide. The direct methods have been desired from viewpoints of detection and quantification of nitric oxide under physiological conditions. However, any specific and highly sensitive detection method that can be applied to in vitro systems has not been developed so far.
As typical methods, there are known, for example, the chemiluminescence method utilizing the luminescence generated by ozone oxidation of NO radicals (Palmer R. M., et al., Nature, 327, pp.524-526, 1987), a method determining absorption spectrum of metHb which is produced by oxidation of oxyhemoglobin (O
2
Hb) (Kelm M., et al., Circ. Res. 66, pp.1561-1575, 1990), a method for quantification utilizing the flow of electric current produced in oxidation when electrodes are placed in a tissue (Shibuki K., Neurosci. Res. 9, pp.69-76, 1990; Malinski, and T., Nature, 358, pp.676-678, 1982), the Griess reaction method (Green L. C., et al., Anal. Biochem., 126, pp.131-138, 1992) and so forth (as reviews, see, “Approaches From The Newest Medicine [Saishin Igaku Kara No Approach] 12, NO”, Ed. by Noboru Toda, pp.42-52, Section 3, Tetsuo Nagano, Measuring Method of NO, published by Medical View Co., Ltd; Archer, S., FASEB J., 7, pp.349-360,1993).
The Griess reaction method achieves the detection by using azo coupling of a diazonium salt compound and naphthylethylenediamine in the presence of NO
2
−
that is produced by oxidation of a nitric oxide radical. Although this method does not achieve direct measurement of nitric oxide radicals, the method is advantageous since it requires no special apparatuses or techniques. Moreover, this method also has a characteristic feature that nitric oxide-related metabolites can be quantified, since NO
3
−
can be measured after being reduced to NO
2
−
with cadmium (Stainton M. P., Anal. Chem., 46, p.1616, 1974; Green L. C., et al., Anal. Biochem., 126, pp.131-138, 1982) or hydrazine (Sawicki, C. R. and Scaringelli, F. P., Microchem. J., 16, pp.657-672, 1971).
2,3-Diaminonaphthalene is known as a reagent for measuring nitric oxide by detecting NO
2
−
in a similar manner to the Griess reaction method. This reagent reacts with NO
2
−
under an acidic condition to form a fluorescent adduct, naphthalenetriazole (chemical name: 1-[H]-naphtho[2,3-d]triazole, Wiersma J. H., Anal. Lett., 3, pp.123-132, 1970). The conditions for the reaction of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene with NO
2
−
have been studied in detail. The reaction proceeds most quickly at pH 2 or lower and completes in approximately 5 minutes at room temperature (Wiersma J. H., Anal. Lett., 3, pp. 123-132, 1970; Sawicki, C. R., Anal. Lett., 4, pp.761-775, 1971). The generated adduct emits fluorescence most efficiently at pH 10 or higher (Damiani, P. and Burini, G., Talanta, 8, pp.649-652, 1986).
The method for measuring nitric oxide using the 2,3-diaminonaphthalene is characterized in that a detection limit is about several tens nanomoles and sensitivity is 50 to 100 times higher than that of the Griess reaction method (Misko, T. P., Anal. Biochem. 214, pp.11-16, 1993). This method is also excellent since it can be carried out conveniently without need of any special apparatuses or techniques (as a review of the above methods, see, DOJIN News, No. 74, Information Measurement Reagents for NO: 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene, published by Dojindo Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1995). However, this method does not utilizes nitric oxide, per se, but its oxidation product NO
2
−
as the reaction species, and accordingly, the method is rather indirect as compared to the direct methods for measuring nitric oxide. In addition, since the reaction of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and NO
2
−
is performed under a strongly acidic condition (pH 2 or lower), it has a problem that the method cannot be used for detection and quantification of nitric oxide under a physiological condition.
The inventors of the present invention conducted researches to provide means for direct measurement of nitric oxide with high sensitivity under a physiological condition. As a result, the inventors found that 2,3-diaminonaphthalene or a derivative thereof efficiently reacts with nitric oxide to give fluorescent naphthalenetriazole or its derivative, even under a neutral condition, in the presence of an oxygen source such as dissolved oxygen or oxide compounds (for example, PTIO and its derivatives such as carboxy-PTIO). Moreover, the inventors also found that a method for measuring nitric oxide employing this reaction gave extremely high detection sensitivity and achieved accurate quantification of a trace amount of nitric oxide (see, the specification of Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) No. 9-043153/1997).
However, the aforementioned method utilizing 2,3-diaminonaphthalene needs irradiation by excitation light of a short wavelength such as about 370 to 390 nm for the detection of fluorescence, and accordingly, cells and tissues in a measurement system may possibly be damaged. The method also has a problem in that strong autofluorescence of cells may affect the measurement. Moreover, the fluorescent triazole compound produced from 2,3-diaminonaphthalene does not necessarily have sufficient fluorescence intensity, and for this reason, it is difficult to accurately measure fluorescence in individual cells by using conventional fluorescence microscopes. There is also a problem in that 2,3-diaminonaphthalene itself has a relatively simple chemical structure and is not suitable as a fundamental structure for various chemical modification so as to be localized inside of cells.
The inventors of the present invention proposed two methods for measurement of nitric oxide that successively solve these problems.
One of the methods utilizes a diaminofluorescein derivative (hereafter also referred to as “DAF” in the specification, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) No. 10-226688/1998). This method utilizing DAF is much excellent in reactivity with nitric oxide and measurement sensitivity. The method enables measurement of nitric oxide with excitation light of a long wavelength that does not damage living tissues and cells, and accurate measurement of nitric oxide existing in inside of cells for each individual cell, which are characteristic features of the aforementioned method. However, since a part of fluorescence wavelength range of the triazole derivatives (hereafter also referred to as “DAF-T”) that are produced by the reaction of DAF with nitric oxide overlaps with the autofluorescence range of cells, the method may sometimes fail to accurately measure nitric oxide in certain types of samples. Further, since the fluorescence of DAF-T may be attenuated from weakly acidic to acidic region, a problem also arises in that accurate measurement over a wide pH range cannot be conducted.
The second method utilizes a diaminorhodamine derivative (hereafter also referred to as “DAR”, International Patent Publication WO99/01447). This method is also based on the measurement of fluorescence of a triazole derivative (hereafter also referred to as “DAR-T”) which is produced by the reaction of DAR with nitric oxide. The peak of the fluorescence spectrum of DAR-T lies around 580 nm (excitation wavelength: 565 nm), while the peak of the fluorescence spectrum of the aforementioned DAF-T is observed around

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