Pulse or digital communications – Transceivers – Modems
Reexamination Certificate
2000-02-22
2004-10-12
Vo, Don N. (Department: 2631)
Pulse or digital communications
Transceivers
Modems
C375S247000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06804291
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to communications and more specifically to a sigma-delta modulator implemented in the digital domain for controlling the power and/or volume of outgoing signals based on present line conditions at the interface of a communications device, such as modem, to a communications link, such as a twisted pair connection.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The increased use of telephone twisted pair wiring for data communications has resulted in a push for faster modems and improved signaling protocols compatible with the existing infrastructure of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). For example, the emerging variety of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) communications protocols including Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) and Very High Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) promise tremendous gains in throughput over twister pair wiring. Another example includes the wide spread deployment and use of the “56K” technology developed by U.S. Robotics and Rockwall/Lucent.
These and other developing technologies will continue to increase the speed of data and digital voice transmissions in the communications network. In a dial-up network, a modulator/demodulator or “modem” is often used to connect local and remote computers to each other over twisted pair wiring. In essence, a modem provides the communications device for transmitting data from one user system, such as a desktop, notebook or palmtop computer, to another user system at a remote end of a connection. Some modems have the capability to process voice for telephony applications.
The use of such protocols and the resulting increase in data transmission rates have created new challenges and concerns regarding the reliability and integrity of the data as it travels over the communications link. For example, it may be necessary to control the characteristics of the outgoing signals in order to assure a reliable end-to-end transmission. Such characteristics may include the amplitude and linearity of the outgoing signals as well as noise levels and frequency spectrum. Typically, a modem includes a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Analog Front End (AFE), a memory chip, interface blocks and power management circuitry among other components which are employed to accomplish such signal management functions.
Some DSPs contain the Analog-to-Digital (A/D) and Digital-to-Analog (D/A) circuitry used to convert analog signals to their digital counterpart and vice versa. In some instances the digital data is companded to increase the data rate and the useful bandwidth. In essence, the DSP provides the modulation and demodulation functions in the digital domain while the AFE is the interface mechanism between the user system and the PSTN.
Depending on line conditions, it may be necessary to control the amplitude and/or volume of outgoing signals for reliable communications using a given protocol. For example, mismatches in line impedance between the communications device, e.g. the modem, and the transmission line can result in nonlinearities and harmonic distortion. Such effects may also be amplified by the nonlinear components in the modem or a Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) coupled to the same wire line pair as the modem. Examples of such nonlinear components include Zener diodes, transistors, varistors, triacs and other devices used for over voltage protection, side-tone generation and over-volume protection, for example.
Power and volume control can be achieved by providing a certain amount of gain programmability in the AFE. For example, by sensing the line condition or determining the required volume setting, the DSP is able to generate appropriate control signals that control amplitudes at the AFE. In one application over twisted pair wiring, typical range of gain control may vary between +12 to 24 dB with gain resolution of +/−2 dB.
Various devices and methods for controlling the gain of outgoing signals have been used and implemented in the past. For example,
FIG. 1
shows a prior art programmable gain amplifier
10
implemented as an operational amplifier
12
coupled to a resistor ladder R
2
. The programmable gain amplifier
10
operates in the analog domain to cause a signal at input terminal
22
to be amplified by the ratio of the resistor ladder R
2
and the feedback resistance R
1
. Gain in the programmable gain amplifier
10
is achieved by selecting the gain settings through gain bits G
0
:G
4
which, in turn, selects one of the resistance values R
IN
and RG
1
through RG
4
, respectively.
An advantage of the programmable gain amplifier
10
is the ability to generate a relatively stable Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) as the signal at output terminal
30
remains relatively flat for a desired gain setting. As the gain bits G
0
:G
4
are selected, the ratio R
1
/R
2
remains fixed so that the overall realized gain for signals at the input terminal
22
with respect to the output terminal
30
remains relatively constant.
Since the programmable gain amplifier
10
operates in the analog domain, it requires a large number of discrete components to implement. As such, the programmable gain amplifier
10
is a gain solution that consumes considerable board space within the communications equipment. For example, in one known solution, the approximate area consumed by the amplifier
10
for a gain range of between 0 to −24 dB in steps of 2 dB can approach 0.5 Ksqmils. The board space requirements increase with smaller step sizes as more resistance values are necessary to accommodate smaller variations in gain.
Thus, for applications where board space is limited, the gain programming amplifier
10
becomes impractical or impossible to implement. Examples of such applications include portable and palmtop computers systems among other small computing platforms. In addition, since the realized gain of the amplifier
10
is proportional to the ratio R
1
/R
2
, any mismatch in values between R
1
and R
2
means that different devices will have different gain factors at the output terminal
30
. Such variances in devices are intolerable in certain applications where precise signal control is required.
While digital programmable gain amplifiers are available, they sacrifice the SNR advantages of analog implementations. What is needed is a way of controlling the power and volume of outgoing signals that fits the confines of limited footprints and board space restrictions found in many compact applications. A programmable gain solution that offers relatively stable SNR across the entire transmission bandwidth would provide numerous advantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a sigma delta modulator that can be utilized in the Digital-to-Analog (DAC) portion of a communications device to achieve gain programming in the digital domain. A set of step coefficients are utilized to determine the step size and thereby the overall gain of the modulator. The step size is delivered to a gain control block which is configured in a feedback arrangement to provide gain control and stability across the transmission bandwidth. A multilevel digital output is provided which represents levels of signal in the digital domain and reduces the number of discrete components utilized by prior art gain programming devices.
As such, according to one embodiment, disclosed is an Analog Front End (AFE) for a communications device comprising an interface to a communications link and a signal converter coupled to the interface and arranged to communicate signals over the communications link. The AFE includes a means of controlling the gain of signals communicated over the interface which, according to one embodiment, is programmable in one or more discrete steps. The means can take the form a gain controller implemented as a sigma delta modulator operating entirely within the digital domain.
According to another embodiment, also disclosed is a signal modulator for use in a communicat
Das Mrinal
Easwaran Prakash
Texas Instruments Incorporated
Vo Don N.
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