Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting – deodorizing – preser – Process disinfecting – preserving – deodorizing – or sterilizing – Using direct contact with electrical or electromagnetic...
Reexamination Certificate
1998-09-04
2001-07-10
Thornton, Krisanne (Department: 1744)
Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting, deodorizing, preser
Process disinfecting, preserving, deodorizing, or sterilizing
Using direct contact with electrical or electromagnetic...
C250S455110, C422S024000, C422S044000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06258319
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to as device and method for photoactivation.
BACKGROUND
With the prospect of inadvertently releasing nucleic acid sequences into nature that are either a) modified but present in their normal host species, or b) normal but present in a foreign host species, there is some concern that nucleic acid techniques pose a risk to human health. Regulatory approaches to this risk have focused on physical containment of organisms that contain modified nucleic acid sequences. Such approaches are bolstered by studies that assess the impact of different laboratory protocols and various types of error and equipment failures on the incidence and extent of uncontained organisms. E. Fisher and D. R. Lincoln, Recomb. DNA Tech. Bull. 7:1 (1984).
With this effort directed at nucleic acids in organisms, little attention has been paid to the problem of naked nucleic acid, i.e. nucleic acid that is free from a host organism. Depending on the particular circumstances, naked nucleic acid can be an infectious or transforming agent. R. W. Old and S. B. Primrose, Principles of Gene Manipulation, pp. 167-168 (Univ. of Cal. Press, 2d Edition 1981). Furthermore, naked nucleic acid can interfere with other laboratory reactions because of carryover.
Carryover
Carryover is broadly defined here as the accidental introduction of nucleic acid into a reaction mixture. Of course, the types of accidental introductions are numerous. Nucleic acids can be introduced during a spill or because of poor laboratory technique (e.g. using the same reaction vessel or the same pipette twice). Of more concern, however, is the introduction of nucleic acids that occurs even during normal laboratory procedures, including inadvertent transfer from contaminated gloves. As with modified organisms, one of the most troubling source of this type of accident is aerosolization.
Aerosols are suspensions of fine liquid or solid particles, as in a mist. Aerosols can occur by disturbing a solution (e.g. aerosols are created during a spill), but they can also occur simply by disturbing the small amount of material on a container surface (e.g. the residue on the inner surface of a cap of a plastic tube is frequently aerosolized at the moment the tube is opened). Because of the latter, any container having highly concentrated amounts of nucleic acid is a potential source of nucleic acid carryover.
It should be pointed out that the question of whether there is carryover is only significant to the extent that such carryover interferes with a subsequent reaction. In general, any laboratory reaction that is directed at detecting and/or amplifiying a nucleic acid sequence of interest among vastly larger amounts of nucleic acid is susceptible to interference by nucleic acid carryover.
Amplification Techniques
The circumstances in the modern laboratory where both a) containers having highly concentrated amounts of nucleic acid are present, and b) reactions directed at amplifying nucleic acid sequences are performed, are relatively common. The screening of genomic DNA for single copy genes is perhaps the best example of procedure involving both concentrated nucleic acid and amplification. There are a number of alternative methods for nucleic acid amplification, including 1) the replication of recombinant phage through lytic growth, 2) amplification of recombinant RNA hybridization probes, and 3) the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
1. Recombinant Vectors. Most cloning vectors are DNA viruses or bacterial plasmids with genomic sizes from 2 to approximately 50 kilobases (kb). The amplification of genomic DNA into a viral or plasmid library usually involves i) the isolation and preparation of viral or plasmid DNA, ii) the ligation of digested genomic DNA into the vector DNA, iii) the packaging of the viral DNA, iv) the infection of a perimissive host (alternatively, the transformation of the host), and v) the amplification of the genomic DNA through propagation of virus or plasmid. At this point, the recombinant viruses or plasmids carrying the target sequence may be identified. T. Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, pp. 23-24 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1982). Identification of the recombinant viruses or plasmids carrying the target sequence is often carried out by nucleic acid hybridization using plasmid-derived probes.
Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) can infect a host bacterium, replicate, mature, and cause lysis of the bacterial cell. Bacteriophage DNA can, in this manner, be replicated many fold, creating a large quantity of nucleic acid.
Plasnids are extrachromosomal elements found naturally in a variety of bacteria. Like bacteriophages, they are double-stranded and can incorporate foreign DNA for replication in bacteria. In this manner, large amounts of probes can be made.
The use of plasmid-derived probes for the screening of phage libraries in hybridization reactions avoids the problem of hybridization of vector DNA (e.g. phage-phage, plasmid-plasmid). In the construction of a viral library, it is therefore essential that no plasmid DNA carryover into the phage-genomic DNA mixture. If, for example, 10 picograms of clonable plasmid DNA were to carryover into a viral-genomic mixture containing 1 microgram of genomic DNA (0.001% carryover by weight), every 11 clones assessed to contain the target sequence would, on average, represent 10 false positives (i.e. plasmid-plasmid hybridization) and only 1 true positive (probe-target hybridization), assuming a frequency of 1 target insert in 1×10
6
inserts.
2. Recombinant RNA Probes. P. M. Lizardi et al., Biotechnology 6:1197 (1988), describe recombinant-RNA molecules that function both as hybridization probes and as templates for exponential amplification by QB replicase. Each recombinant consists of a specific sequence (i.e. an “internal probe”) within the sequence of MDV-1 RNA. MDV-1 RNA is a natural template for the replicase. D. L. Kacian et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci USA 69:3038 (1972). The recombinant can hybridize to target sequence that is complementary to the internal probe and that is present in a mixture of nucleic acid. Various isolation techniques (e.g. washing) can then be employed to separate the hybridized recombinant/target complex from a) unbound recombinant and b) nucleic acids that are non-complementary to the internal probe. B. C. F. Chu et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 14:5591 (1986). See also Biotechnology 7:609 (1989). Following isolation of the complex, QB replicase is added. In minutes a one-billion fold amplification of the recombinant (i.e. “recombinant RNA probe amplification”) occurs, indicating that specific hybridization has taken place with a target sequence.
While a promising technique, recombinant RNA probe amplification works so well that carryover is of particular concern. As little as one molecule of template RNA can, in principle, initiate replication. Thus, the carryover of a single molecule of the amplified recombinant RNA probe into a new reaction vessel can cause RNA to be synthesized in an amount that is so large it can, itself, be a source of further carryover.
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction. K. B. Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202, describe a method for increasing the concentration of a segment of a target sequence in a mixture of genomic DNA without cloning or purification. This process for amplifying the target sequence consists of introducing a large excess of two oligonucleotide primers to the DNA mixture containing the desired target sequence, followed by a precise sequence of thermal cycling in the presence of a DNA polymerase. The two primers are complementary to their respective strands of the double stranded target sequence. To effect amplification, the mixture is denatured and the primers then to annealed to their complementary sequences within the target molecule. Following annealing, the primers are extended with a polymerase so as to form a new pair of complementary strands. The steps of denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerase extension can be repeated many tim
Cimino George D.
Hearst David Paul
Hearst John Eugene
Isaacs Stephen T.
Carroll Peter G.
Cerus Corporation
Tessman John W.
Thornton Krisanne
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