Computer graphics processing and selective visual display system – Display peripheral interface input device – Cursor mark position control device
Reexamination Certificate
1999-11-30
2002-03-05
Shalwala, Bipin (Department: 2775)
Computer graphics processing and selective visual display system
Display peripheral interface input device
Cursor mark position control device
C345S163000, C345S164000, C345S165000, C345S166000, C345S167000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06353429
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally concerns an input device, and in particular, an input device that enables a user to manipulate a cursor or other graphic object, make selections, and control a computer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Pointing devices, such as computer mice and trackballs, are used to provide user input to a computer program and are well known in the art. Such pointing devices enable a user to easily move a cursor on a display screen, and are fundamental to programs and operating systems that employ a graphical user interface, such as the Microsoft Corporation's WINDOWS™ and Apple Corporation's MACINTOSH™ operating systems. In a typical pointing device, a ball is rotated in the housing of the device, either directly by the user's fingers, or by movement of the device over a surface. Depending upon its direction of rotation, the rotating ball in turn causes one or both of a pair of encoder shafts in the housing to rotate. The encoder shafts rotate about a pair of orthogonal axes, i.e., the “X” and “Y” axes in response to the components of the ball's rotation along those axes. As the encoders are rotated, they produce signals that indicate the device's incremental motion along these orthogonal axes; these signals are processed by a driver program executing on a computer, which produces a corresponding stream of digital values indicative of a position of the device relative to the X and Y axes. The driver program also receives other input signals from the pointing device, including a signal indicative of the state of control buttons on the device. The relative position data and the state of the buttons are input to a computer program (or the operating system), which processes the information, causing a predefined action to occur. For example, many operating systems move a cursor displayed on a monitor or other display screen in response to a user's movement of a pointing device. The X and/or Y movement of the cursor on the display screen is proportional to the motion of the ball (or device) along the respective X and/or Y axes.
In recent years, mouse manufacturers have added a third input axis to their products, commonly known as the “Z” axis. Originally developed by the Microsoft Corporation for use with its WINDOWS™ operating system, this axis on a mouse is primarily used for scrolling within a document or displayed data. The Z-axis control on a mouse is typically implemented as a detented wheel (the Z-wheel), which is coupled to an encoder that monitors rotation of the Z-wheel by a user. Detents on the rotational motion of the wheel enable a user to scroll a document or data display in consistent increments specified by the user, such as a predetermined number of lines/detent, or a screen/detent. The Z-wheel is typically mounted vertically and disposed toward the front of a mouse so that it can be readily turned with a user's finger. The detent positions are typically spaced at increments of about 20 degrees.
In order to obtain a desired level of performance, the output signal produced by the Z-axis encoder should accurately correspond to the number and direction of detent positions that the user rotates the Z-wheel. For example, if a user rotates the Z-wheel through five detent positions in a forward direction (rotating the top of the Z-wheel toward the front of the mouse), this movement should be reflected by the computer program, e.g., by the program scrolling forward in a document displayed on a monitor through five of the scrolling increments previously selected by the user.
Several techniques have been implemented in prior art Z-wheel mice to address this performance requirement. One solution is to use a mechanical encoder with a built-in detent. In this type of device, a mechanical detent is closely coupled with the encoder that produces an electrical output signal, which satisfies the foregoing performance requirement. However, mechanical encoders of this type generally cost more than may be desired. Therefore, a less-expensive optical encoder scheme is preferable for accurately detecting rotation of the Z-wheel through detent positions.
Optical encoders are commonly used to detect motion and/or position of a member. Two classes of optical encoders are incremental encoders, and absolute encoders. There are also two types of optical encoders, including rotary encoders and linear encoders. Incremental rotary encoders are suitable for use in a mouse. Ideally, an incremental encoder produces a pair (two channels) of square wave signals that are approximately 90 degrees out of phase; this type of output signal is commonly referred to as a quadrature output. The quadrature output is processed to determine the amount of rotation of an element (such as a wheel) monitored by the encoder, and the direction of the element's rotation.
The primary components of a typical optical encoder (prior art) are shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2
, and include a codewheel or code disk
10
, a light emitter
12
, and an integrated detection circuit
14
. The codewheel generally comprises a plurality of equally-spaced teeth
16
, forming slots
18
, which may be fully enclosed, or is made from a clear plastic or glass disk imprinted with a radially-spaced pattern of lines, commonly called a “mask.” Light emitter
12
typically comprises an LED
20
, which emits light rays
21
that are collimated into a parallel beam by a lens
22
. Integrated detector circuit
14
is disposed opposite the light emitter and typically comprises at least two photodetectors
24
(as shown in FIG.
2
), or two sets of photodetectors (as shown in FIG.
1
), noise reduction circuitry
26
, and comparators
28
. Suitable photodetectors include photodiodes and phototransistors.
The codewheel is disposed relative to the light emitter and integrated detector circuit so that when it is rotated, its slotted or lined portion is between the light emitter and integrated detector circuit. The light beam passing from the light emitter to the integrated detector circuit is thus interrupted by the part of the codewheel between the pattern of slots or by the radial lines on the codewheel. Any portion of the light beam that is not blocked by the codewheel (or the lines that are imprinted) is detected by the photodetectors. The photodetectors typically produce an analog output signal that is proportional to the intensity of light they detect. In general, the output signal produced by each photodetector as the codewheel is turned at a constant rate is sinusoidal. The photodetectors are arranged in a pattern that is a function of the radius and count density of the codewheel, so as to produce a quadrature output.
In the embodiment shown in
FIG. 1
, the photodetectors are spaced such that a light period on one pair of photodetectors corresponds to a dark period on an adjacent pair of photodetectors, thereby producing two complimentary outputs for each channel. The photodetector outputs are processed by the noise reduction circuitry, which removes extraneous noise. The resulting four signals are then evaluated by the comparators (one comparator for each complimentary pair of signals), which produce a digital waveform corresponding respectively to channels A and B. The digital waveform has voltage levels corresponding to a logic level zero and a logic level one. If the encoder wheel is turned at a constant angular rate, the output signals on channels A and B will be similar to the waveforms shown in
FIG. 3C
, wherein the digital waveform of channel A is approximately 90 degrees out of phase (in quadrature) with channel B. In actual practice, the waveforms are not perfectly square due to signal propagation delays, switching latencies, etc.—however, the waveforms approximate square waves.
The quadrature output of an encoder can be evaluated to determine the present state of the encoder and the direction that it is being turned or is moving.
FIG. 3B
shows a typical state table corresponding to a full quadrature encoding scheme, and the corresponding state transitions are
Anderson Ronald M.
Microsoft Corporation
Nguyen Jimmy H.
Shalwala Bipin
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