Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving nucleic acid
Patent
1997-01-22
2000-06-13
Marschel, Ardin H.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving nucleic acid
435 912, 536 243, 536 2432, C12Q 168, C07H 2104, C12P 1934
Patent
active
060748206
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that yearly kills more people than any other single infectious disease. The WHO estimates that yearly about 10 million people contract tuberculosis and that 3 million people die from this disease (37). After a long period of slow decrease in incidence, tuberculosis is on the increase again in most Western countries. Furthermore, the emergence of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains and the association of tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected individuals are worsening the situation dramatically (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 37).
One of the key factors in the control of tuberculosis is the rapid diagnosis of the disease and the identification of the sources of infection. M. tuberculosis strain typing has already proved to be extremely useful in outbreak investigations (6, 14, 33) and is being applied to a variety of epidemiologic questions in numerous laboratories. Traditionally, laboratory diagnosis is done by microscopy, culturing of the micro-organism, skin testing and X-ray imaging. Unfortunately, these methods are often not sensitive, not specific and are very time-consuming, due to the slow growth rate of M. tuberculosis. Therefore, new techniques like in vitro amplification of M. tuberculosis DNA have been developed to rapidly detect the micro-organism in clinical specimens (14). The ability to differentiate isolates of M. tuberculosis by DNA techniques has revolutionarized the potential to identify the sources of infection and to establish main routes of transmission and risk factors for acquiring tuberculosis by infection (1, 3-10, 14, 16, 19-22, 25, 26, 29-36). The use of an effective universal typing system will allow strains from different geographic areas to be compared and the movement of individual strains to be tracked. Such data may provide important insights and identify strains with particular problems such as high infectivity, high virulency and/or multidrug resistance. Analysis of large numbers of isolates may provide answers to long-standing questions regarding the efficacy of BCG vaccination and the frequency of reactivation versus reinfection.
Because M. tuberculosis complex bacteria constitute a genetically remarkably homogenous group of bacteria, repetitive DNA elements and transposable elements, that are associated with genetic rearrangements of chromosomal DNA, have been exploited for strain differentiation of M. tuberculosis. Two of these are insertion sequences and the remainder are short repetitive DNA sequences with no known function or phenotype.
The most widely used element for strain differentiation is IS6110, a 1355 bp insertion sequence, which was initially identified in M. tuberculosis (19, 30) and subsequently found to be distributed through all M. tuberculosis complex bacteria, including Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, M. microti and bovis BCG (11, 14, 15). Other elements to potentially differentiate M. tuberculosis include the Major Polymorphic Tandem Repeat (MPTR), the Polymorphic GC rich repetitive sequence (PGRS) and the Direct Repeat (DR) sequence (15, 16, 26).
Most methods described for strain differentiation of M. tuberculosis depend on the so-called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) observed by the technique of Southern blotting. This technique requires the purification of chromosomal DNA from cultured M. tuberculosis bacteria. In addition this method is not suited for detecting a large number of strains, i.e. strains containing only one IS6110 copy or no IS6110 copy (35) when IS6110 fingerprinting is carried out as the presence of multiple IS6110 units is required for RFLP. Virtually all M. bovis BCG strains as well as a number of strains from India (35) contain only a single IS copy. Most strains could however be differentiated by fingerprinting with the 36-bp direct repeat or the polymorphic GC-rich repetitive DNA-element. Less discriminative power was obtained with the major polymorphic tandem repeat and the insertion element IS1081. Furthermore the known technique
REFERENCES:
patent: 4683195 (1987-07-01), Mullis et al.
P.W.M. Hermans, et al., "Characterization of a major poly-morphic tandem repeat in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its potential use in the epidemology of Mycobacterium kansaii and Mycobacterium gordonae", Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 174, No. 12, Jun. 1992, Baltimore, pp. 4157-4165.
T.J. Doran et al., "Characterization of a highly repeated DNA sequence from Mycrobacterium bovis", FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 111, No. 2+3, Aug. 1993, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 147-152.
J. Versalovic et al., "Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes", Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 19, No. 24, Dec. 1991, Oxford, England, pp. 6823-6831.
P.M.A. Groenen et al., "Nature of DNA polymorphism in the direct repeat cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, application for strain differentiation by a novel typing method", Molecular Microbiology, vol. 10, No. 5, May 1993, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 1057-1065.
P. Palittapongarnpim et al., "DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction", Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 21, No. 3. Feb. 1993, oXFORD, eNGLAND, pp. 761-762.
P. Pallitapongarnpim et al., "DNA fragment length polymorphism analysis of Mycobacterium tubercolosis isolates by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction", Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 167, No. 4, Apr. 1993, The University of Chicago, pp. 975-978.
P.W.M. Hermans et al., "Insertion element IS987 from Mycoacyterium bovis BCG is located in a hot-spot integration region for insertion elements in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains", Infection and Immunity, vol. 59, No. 8, Aug. 1991, Baltimore, pp. 2695-2705.
A.J. Jeffreys et al., "Minisatellite repeat coding as a digital approach to DNA typing", Nature, vol. 354, Nov. 1991, London, United Kingdom, pp. 204-209.
D. Van Soolingen et al., "Comparison of Various Repetitive DNA Elements as Genetic Markers for Strain Differentiation and Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis", Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 31, No. 8, Aug. 1993, pp. 1987-1995.
D. Van Soolingen et al., "Insertion Element IS1081-Associated Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Species: a Reliable Tool for Recoognizing Mycobacterium bovis BCG", Journal of Clinical Microbology, vol. 30, No. 7, Jul. 1992, pp. 1772-1777.
J.D.V. Van Embden et al., "Strain Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA Fingerprinting: Recommendations for a Standardized Methodology", Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 31, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp. 406-409.
P.W.M. Hermans et al., "Insertion Element IS987 from Mycobacterium bovis BCG is Located in a Hot-Spot Integration Region for Insertion Element in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains", Infection and Immunity, vol. 59, No. 8, Aug. 1991, pp. 2695-2705.
J.D.A. Van Embden et al., "Genetic markers for the epidemiology of tuberculosis", Mycobacteria and Aids, pp. 385-391.
P.M.A. Groenen et al., "Nature of DNA polymorphism in the direct repeat cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; application for strain differentiation by a novel typing method", Molecular Microbiology, vol. 10, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1057-2065.
Kamerbeek Judith
Schouls Leendert Marinus
Van Embden Johannes Dirk Anthonie
De Staat der Nederlanden, Vertegenwoordigd door de Minister van
Marschel Ardin H.
Tung Joyce
LandOfFree
Detection and differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis comp does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Detection and differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis comp, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Detection and differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis comp will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-2067426