Electrophotography – Document handling – Original
Reexamination Certificate
1999-08-25
2002-01-29
Grainger, Quana M. (Department: 2852)
Electrophotography
Document handling
Original
C382S135000, C382S137000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06343204
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to printing and, more particularly, to the prevention of printing of counterfeit currency or other documents.
2. Description of the Related Art
Modern technology has made it easy for most people to quickly and inexpensively make accurate color copies of documents. This copying can be achieved through the use of a color copier or by scanning the document and then printing it using a color printer. There are many legitimate uses for this copying technology, however a small percentage of people use color copying to make counterfeit currency or to counterfeit other documents.
One way to prevent counterfeiting is to use techniques such as are taught by Sato, “Color image input apparatus having color image identifying function”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,496, issued, Jun. 10, 1997. Sato describes a line sensor and image input section that input a color image in a reading area containing an original, an original extracting section that extracts an area of the original from the input image, a normnalization section that normalizes an image of the extracted original area to an image of preset size, an image averaging section that converts the normalized image into an averaged image, and a brightness-hue-chroma converting section that converts the averaged image in Vcd images used as color perception amounts of a human being. A pattern matching section collates the Vcd image with dictionary data in a dictionary data storing section to determine whether or not the original is a specified type of original such as a bill, and an image output controlling section then determines whether or not image data output from the color image input section is to be output to the exterior based on the result of the identification.
Thus typical techniques such as searching for a particular pattern or color distribution can be used to detect and stop the copying of a counterfeit document. However, these techniques can be computationally intense and therefore place an undesirable delay on the copying of every document. This delay is particularly undesirable when one realizes that the majority of documents copied are made, not by counterfeiters, but by law-abiding citizens who are copying documents for legitimate purposes.
Thus, it can be seen that current counterfeiting detection and deterrence techniques impose processing delays upon color copying devices, and hinder the use of these devices in many applications.
Therefore, there is an unresolved need for a counterfeiting detection and deterrence technique that permits one to make color copies without imposing processing delays upon color copying devices.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method and apparatus is described for detection and deterrence of counterfeiting that permits one to make legitimate color copies without introducing visual artifacts or experiencing substantial processing delays.
An efficient counterfeit deterrence is enabled by the use of an hierarchic detection scheme, in which the majority of documents are classified as free of suspicion using a simple token detection algorithm that imposes a negligible computational burden. The remainder of documents, which are labeled as suspicious, receive analysis by one or more additional detection algorithms. If the suspicious document is identified as being a secure document, this will lead to printing with selectively deteriorated service or complete denial of service.
For one embodiment, tokens having a characteristic color (or colors) and spacing, are incorporated into the design of frequently counterfeited documents. The scheme uses a color look-up table (LUT) to detect an initial token having the characteristic color. Upon detection of an initial token, a search is performed based on the expected token spacing in order to locate one or more additional tokens, and to thereby verify that printing of a counterfeit is being attempted.
Conventional tests for counterfeit documents can also be used as a further, higher level test. A particularly effective higher level detector uses the locations of the detected tokens to determine orientation so that the suspected area can be compared with a corresponding portion of a secure document on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
The invention has negligible impact on the time to render a page and negligible effect on general images and documents, while denying printing or generating visible artifacts on banknote or other secure document images. The scheme can be deployed in a printer driver with no hardware changes and can be adjusted to arrive at a compromise that allows reasonable detection, while causing minimal effect on legitimate users. Furthermore, this method can provide a visible indicator that currency is not counterfeit. Moreover, so long as the characteristic color and spacing of the tokens does not change, no alteration is required for a new series of notes.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4039066 (1977-08-01), Quigley
patent: 4881268 (1989-11-01), Uchida et al.
patent: 5638496 (1997-06-01), Sato
patent: 5678155 (1997-10-01), Miyaza
patent: 6-62242 (1994-03-01), None
patent: 8-180239 (1996-07-01), None
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