Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Carbohydrates or derivatives
Reexamination Certificate
2001-12-13
2004-04-13
Wilson, James O. (Department: 1623)
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates or derivatives
C536S055300, C536S102000, C536S104000, C536S105000, C536S123100, C536S124000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06720418
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed towards malto-oligosaccharide derivatives, and towards methods for the preparation thereof. More specifically, the invention is directed in its preferred embodiments towards malto-oligosaccharides that have been derivatized by oxidation, etherification, esterification, or enzymatic modification.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Oligosaccharides are commonly prepared by the controlled hydrolytic cleavage of starches. In the production of such oligosaccharides, the glycosidic linkages of the starch molecules are partially hydrolyzed to yield at least one oligosaccharide species, and more typically, a mixture of oligosaccharides species. Oligosaccharide mixtures so prepared typically include at least one malto-oligosaccharide species. Malto-oligosaccharides are characterized as having a saccharide backbone that comprises predominantly 1-4 glycoside linkages.
Malto-oligosaccharides comprise a commercially important class of carbohydrates that fall within the general class of reducing carbohydrates, which are carbohydrates that include an acetal group that is in equilibrium with its respective aldehyde or ketone. Such malto-oligosaccharides find numerous commercial applications. Derivatized malto-oligosaccharides also are known in the art. Such derivatized malto-oligosaccharides also have many commercial uses, including, for example, encapsulants, acidulants, flocculants, adhesives, antiredeposition agents, detergent builders, and so forth.
The prior art has provided numerous processes for the derivatization of malto-oligosaccharides. Known processes are conventional and typically comprise derivatizing the malto-oligosaccharide via a conventional derivatizing process to form a derivatized product. Such prior art processes suffer from a number of drawbacks, however. For example, when subjected to certain reaction conditions, such as alkaline conditions, malto-oligosaccharides can degrade and/or undergo numerous side reactions to form respectively undesired products of degradation or reaction by-products. Such by-products and products of degradation lead to poor reaction yields, undesired color formation, and difficulties in purifying the desired derivatized malto-oligosaccharides.
It is believed that the so-called “alkaline peeling reaction,” in which the reducing end sugar of a malto-oligosaccharide degrades into smaller molecules, contributes substantially to degradation and by-product formation in the derivatization of malto-oligosaccharides. In recognition of this alkaline peeling reaction, the prior art has taught in other contexts to convert a base saccharide to a glycoside, to thereby incorporate a protecting group. For example, it is known to incorporate a methyl protecting group at the reducing end of glucose to thereby form the alkaline-stable methyl glycoside. Another approach used in the prior art is the use of non-reducing sugars such as sucrose and trehalose as protecting groups. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,620 (Mandai et al.) purports to disclose non-reducing oligosaccharides wherein one or several glucosyl groups are bound to both glucosyl groups in trehalose. While the use of protecting groups such as sucrose or trehalose in connection with the preparation of a glycoside may afford an alkaline-stable product, the process of preparing such stabilized malto-oligosaccharides can be laborious and not economically attractive.
It is a general object of the present invention to provide a method for derivatizing a malto-oligosaccharide. In accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention, by-product formation and formation of products of degradation are mitigated as compared with products formed by known malto-oligosaccharide derivatization reactions. It is also a general object of the invention to provide a derivatized malto-oligosaccharide product.
THE INVENTION
The invention is premised upon the surprising discovery that reduced malto-oligosaccharides not only are alkaline-stable with respect to unmodified malto-oligosaccharides, but also may be derivatized to form derivatized malto-oligosaccharides with a surprising decrease in by-products and products of degradation, and further providing other unexpected benefits, including improved yields and improved ease of purification. Further surprising in conjunction with the derivatization of a mixture of malto-oligosaccharides is the discovery that the change in DP profile of the mixture upon oxidation, and, it is believed, other derivatization, is smaller in conjunction with reduced malto-oligosaccharides as compared with unmodified malto-oligosaccharides. Thus, not only does the derivatization of reduced malto-oligosaccharides generally result in relatively less formation of by-products and products of degradation, relatively increased yield, and ease of purification with regards to unmodified malto-oligosaccharides, the DP profile of the derivatized malto-oligosaccharide mixture generally will be relatively closer to that of the starting mixture.
In accordance with the invention, a method for preparing a derivatized malto-oligosaccharide is provided. Generally, the method comprises the steps of providing a hydrogenated malto-oligosaccharide, and derivatizing the hydrogenated malto-oligosaccharide to thereby form a derivatized malto-oligosaccharide. The malto-oligosaccharide may be obtained via the steps of providing the malto-oligosaccharide and hydrogenating the malto-oligosaccharide to thereby obtain a hydrogenated malto-oligosaccharide. Derivatized malto-oligosaccharides prepared in accordance with the method of the invention also fall within the scope of the invention. The scope of derivatization encompassed by the invention is not contemplated to be limited, and thus, for example, the hydrogenated malto-oligosaccharides may be derivatized via oxidation, esterification, etherification, or other suitable derivatization reaction. The hydrogenated malto-oligosaccharide also may be modified enzymatically to yield enzymatically modified malto-oligosaccharides.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, a mixture of hydrogenated malto-oligosaccharide is derivatized. Most preferably, the mixture is obtained via the hydrogenation of a mixture of malto-oligosaccharides under reaction conditions suitable to substantially preserve the DP profile of the reaction mixture, as taught in co-pending application Ser. No. PCT/US99/01098.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The method of the invention is generally contemplated to be applicable to any malto-oligosaccharides species or mixture of a plurality of malto-oligosaccharides species. By “malto-oligosaccharide” is contemplated any species comprised of plural saccharide units linked predominately via 1-4 linkages, thus including, for example, maltodextrins and syrup solids. In preferred embodiments of the invention, at least 50% of the saccharide units in the malto-oligosaccharide are linked via 1-4 linkages. More preferably, at least about 60% saccharide units are linked via 1-4 linkages; even more preferably, at least about 80% of the saccharide units are so linked. Malto-oligosaccharides are contemplated to include saccharides species having an odd DP value, such as maltotriose.
Malto-oligosaccharides may be characterized by their degree of polymerization (DP), which refers to the number of saccharide monomer units in each molecule. Each malto-oligosaccharide saccharide species also may be characterized by its dextrose equivalent value (DE), which generally indicates the proportion of aldehyde, hemiacetal, or ketone groups in the molecule. Malto-oligosaccharides having a DE less than 20 prior to hydrogenation are known as maltodextrins, whereas malto-oligosaccharides having a DE of 20 or greater are known as syrup solids. The invention is contemplated to find particular applicability in connection with the derivatization of mixtures of a plurality of malto-oligosaccharides species. The malto-oligosaccharides species in the mixture may be different at least in DP value, thus defining a DP profi
Antrim Richard L.
Barresi Frank W.
Banner & Witcoff , Ltd.
Grain Processing Corporation
Owens, Jr. Howard V.
Wilson James O.
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