Data processing: database and file management or data structures – Database design – Data structure types
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-01
2004-09-21
Rones, Charles (Department: 2175)
Data processing: database and file management or data structures
Database design
Data structure types
C707S793000, C707S793000, C709S201000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06795825
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a database querying system and method which is substantially effective, and simplifies a querying syntax that must be utilized in order to achieve the effective retrieval of desired information from a relational or non-relational database by means of any language or interface intended originally only for relational databases. The system and method operate in a manner which can be used for initial database setup and programming as well as for the adaptation of existing standardized database querying systems to utilize the present simplified, more concise querying method.
2. Description of the Related Art
A variety of different types and information are commonly stored in databases, those databases often including many different categories and types of information which are to be made available for retrieval as needed. While some databases are relatively simple, in a variety of uses and applications, the nature and amount of information contained by the database can be quite extensive and complex, and as a result the querying of that database can be substantially difficult and complicated if truly usable information is going to be retrieved.
In order to provide for that effective retrieval of the desired information from the database of stored data and information, databases are programmed in association with query languages. In particular, the language defines the syntax that a user must utilize in order to effectively communicate with the database and thereby retrieve the appropriate information from the fact database.
Within the various specialized fields of database programming and query language programming, “relational database systems” are widely used, and indeed there are millions of relational database systems installed throughout the world. A relational database can typically be seen as a collection of flat tables, each table aggregating information about objects of certain types, each row of the table containing several fields describing an object; relationships between objects in a relational database are typically represented only implicitly—by cross-referencing values of some fields. As with any programming technology, a number of query languages have been utilized and developed over the years in an attempt to effectuate the appropriate communication between a user and the databases. Of those various query languages, Structured Query Language (SQL) query syntax has been recognized as a primary standard for relational databases and has been employed in the majority of the commercial environments for database products. SQL can be used directly or as an intermediary language via one of its communication protocols, such as the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) protocol, Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), or Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), that have been recognized as the primary standards. Unfortunately, however, in order to effectively use query relational databases in SQL in the proper manner, users typically need substantial amounts of prior training in order to efficiently utilize the language to correspondingly retrieve information. Specifically, users must understand the language itself, as well as the principles of relational databases, so that they can appropriately draft a query to be utilized by the system processors in order to retrieve the desired data. Even with an understanding of the language, however, in many situations an SQL query can become too complicated if a user is to ensure correctness of the meaning to be achieved thereby. Queries for a relational database are generally quite complex. This is generally because the stored data in a relational database is typically grouped in a variety of different tables, and the relationships among those tables are not explicit. Users submitting queries are then required to identify each table and provide the database with a formula relating between the various tables in order to ultimately arrive at and achieve the desired data results. Naturally, the more abstract those relationships are the more difficult it becomes for users to effectively identify all valid relationships in the appropriate format. Recently, improvements over the relational database approach have been introduced, the trend of such improvements being to allow explicit relationships between classes of objects and a other improvements to the structure of information. Such database structures are called “semantic”, “object-relational”, “object-oriented”, “conceptual schema”, “entity-relationship”. We refer herein to all such databases with explicit relations as “Semantic Databases”. However, such improved database structures required new or enhanced query language and do not allow access in standard language and interface tools intended for relational databases.
Recognizing the problems associated with existing database query systems, three principal efforts regarding improving query interfaces over the relational databases have emerged. Theses include SQL3 (sometimes called SQL 1999), Object Query Language (OQL), and some graphical (or visual) query languages. Such approaches, however, focus on enhancing the expressiveness of the current SQL by changing the data models and syntax of the language. As such, when users need to develop a new application, they must utilize new features that come with the object-orientation, for example super/subclasses and inheritance, in order to enable them to do the database modeling in a way closer to the real world. As can be appreciated, such a requirement is not very helpful to the existing databases that have been developed under the conventional relational model and therefore have no object-oriented features at all. Furthermore, they require that a user learn a new and often equally complex programming technique to set up the database. In particular, both SQL3 and OQL introduce new syntax as well as a semi-procedural programming paradigm to fulfill the object-oriented requirements. Users who are used to programming with a pure declarative language such as the standard SQL (also called SQL92) have difficulty or are uncomfortable when being asked to switch from declarative programming to procedural programming.
Another type of attempt to make the query interface more friendly is to use the so-called graphical query languages. The most important advantage coming up with such attempts is the query visualization. However, there are down sides with the current graphical query languages. For example, a navigational paradigm with a hypertext language is usually restrictive and inefficient. As a result, it often yields useless information after a user has spent a lot of time in navigating in a perplexed cyberspace. A menu-driven query paradigm as found in some desktop databases such as in dBaseIII+ or a table-like browser called Query-By-Example (QBE) such as in Microsoft Access, frees users from having to learn the SQL syntax. But when using any of them for complex queries, users may feel of frustrated when following the procedures of generating the query. In addition to this, users also must know the logical structures of relational database such as foreign key links clearly so as to compose queries with explicitly expressing each join correctly.
Further, there are many other efforts under prototype development. Most notable results include G-log, Functional Graphical Language, Visual-Query-Language, Graqula, DUO, and Query-By-Diagram. These methods, however, do not provide an easy way for the user to formulate very complex queries. Additionally, several software firms have announced products facilitating the interoperability of different data models, for example TITANIUM at Micro Database System. Their efforts are enabling access to single database with different query interfaces based on users' preference. Using these tools, developers first need to convert the existing database to a specific database product, for example TITANIUM database engine, thereby limiting their usefulness, especially if an SQL database
Mahmoudi Hassan
McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP
Rones Charles
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