Crystallization of M-CSF.alpha.

Details Crystallization of M-CSF.alpha. Crystallization of M-CSF.alpha.

1995-05-25

1999-02-02

Ulm, John

Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions

Lymphokine

530412, 530418, 530419, 530421, 117 43, 554211, A61K 3819

Patent

active

058661140

DESCRIPTION:

BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to crystalline compositions of macrophage colony stimulating factor "M-CSF" and in particular to methods for the use of structural information (including X-ray diffraction patterns) of crystalline M-CSF for agonist and antagonist production, as well as assays for detection of same.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Monocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is produced by a variety of cells, including macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts (see, Ralph et al., "The Molecular and Biological Properties of the Human and Murine Members of the CSF-1 Family" in Molecular Basis of Lymphokine Action, Humana Press, Inc., (1987), which is incorporated herein by reference). M-CSF is composed of two "monomer" polypeptides, which form a biologically active dimeric M-CSF protein (hereinafter referred to as "M-CSF dimer"). M-CSF belongs to a group of biological agonists that promote the production of blood cells. Specifically, it acts as a growth and differentiation factor for bone marrow progenitor cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage. Further, M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and function of mature macrophages via specific receptors on responding cells. In clinical trials M-CSF has shown promise as a pharmaceutical agent in the correction of blood cell deficiencies arising as a side-effect of chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer and may be beneficial in treating fungal infections associated with bone marrow transplants. M-CSF may also play significant biological roles in pregnancy, uveitis, and atherosclerosis. Development of M-CSF agonists or antagonists may prove to be of value in modifying the biological events involved in these conditions.
M-CSF exists in at least three mature forms: short (M-CSF.alpha.), intermediate (M-CSF.gamma.), and long (M-CSF.beta.). Mature M-CSF is defined as including polypeptide sequences contained within secreted M-CSF following amino terminus processing to remove leader sequences and carboxyl terminus processing to remove domains including a putative transmembrane region. The variations in the three mature forms are due to alternative mRNA splicing (see, Cerretti et al. Molecular Immunology, 25:761 (1988)). The three forms of M-CSF are translated from different mRNA precursors, which encode polypeptide monomers of 256 to 554 amino acids, having a 32 amino acid signal sequence at the amino terminal and a putative transmembrane region of approximately 23 amino acids near the carboxyl terminal. The precursor peptides are subsequently processed by amino terminal and carboxyl terminal proteolytic cleavages to release mature M-CSF. Residues 1-149 of all three mature forms of M-CSF are identical and are believed to contain sequences essential for biological activity of M-CSF. In vivo M-CSF monomers are dimerized via disulfide-linkage and are glycosylated. Some, if not all, forms of M-CSF can be recovered in membrane-associated form. Such membrane-bound M-CSF may be cleaved to release secreted M-CSF. Membrane associated M-CSF is believed to have biological activity similar to M-CSF, but may have other activities including cell-cell association or activation.
Polypeptides, including the M-CSFs, have a three-dimensional structure determined by the primary amino acid sequence and the environment surrounding the polypeptide. This three-dimensional structure establishes the polypeptide's activity, stability, binding affinity, binding specificity, and other biochemical attributes. Thus, a knowledge of a protein's three-dimensional structure can provide much guidance in designing agents that mimic, inhibit, or improve its biological activity in soluble or membrane bound forms.
The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide may be determined in a number of ways. Many of the most precise methods employ X-ray crystallography (for a general review, see, Van Holde, Physical Biochemistry, Prentice-Hall, N. J. pp. 221-239, (1971), which is incorporated herein by reference). This technique relies on the ability of crysta

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