Refrigeration – Cryogenic treatment of gas or gas mixture – Liquefaction
Reexamination Certificate
1999-12-03
2001-03-27
Capossela, Ronald (Department: 3744)
Refrigeration
Cryogenic treatment of gas or gas mixture
Liquefaction
C062S006000, C062S613000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06205812
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to refrigeration and, more particularly, to the generation of refrigeration such as to liquefy gases such as hydrogen which require ultra cold temperatures for liquefaction.
BACKGROUND ART
The liquefaction of certain gases such as neon, hydrogen or helium requires the generation of very low temperature refrigeration. For example, at atmospheric pressure neon liquefies at 27.1 K, hydrogen liquefies at 20.39 K, and helium liquefies at 4.21 K. The generation of such very low temperature refrigeration is very expensive. Inasmuch as the use of fluids such as neon, hydrogen and helium are becoming increasingly important in such fields as energy generation, energy transmission, and electronics, any improvement in systems for the liquefaction of such fluids would be very desirable.
Pulse tube refrigeration, wherein refrigeration is generated by a pressure pulse applied to a gas, is used to liquefy fluids such as neon, hydrogen and helium, but such use is effective only at a relatively small scale.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved system for generating refrigeration sufficient to liquefy hard to liquefy fluids such as neon, hydrogen or helium.
It is another object of this invention to provide a system for liquefying hard to liquefy fluids such as neon, hydrogen or helium which can operate at a relatively high production level.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above and other objects, which will become apparent to one skilled in the art upon a reading of this disclosure, are attained by the present invention, one aspect of which is:
Method for producing product fluid in an ultra cold condition comprising:
(A) compressing multicomponent refrigerant fluid, cooling the compressed multicomponent refrigerant fluid to produce cooled multicomponent refrigerant fluid, and expanding the cooled multicomponent refrigerant fluid to at least partially condense the multicomponent refrigerant fluid;
(B) compressing pulse tube gas to produce hot compressed pulse tube gas, cooling the hot compressed pulse tube gas by indirect heat exchange with the at least partially condensed multicomponent refrigerant fluid to produce cooled compressed pulse tube gas and warmed multicomponent refrigerant fluid, and further cooling the cooled compressed pulse tube gas by direct contact with cold heat transfer media to produce cold pulse tube gas and warmed heat transfer media;
(C) expanding cold pulse tube gas to produce ultra cold pulse tube gas and to produce a gas pressure wave which compresses and heats pulse tube working fluid, and cooling the heated pulse tube working fluid by indirect heat exchange with warmed multicomponent refrigerant fluid to produce further warmed multicomponent refrigerant fluid; and
(D) passing the ultra cold pulse tube gas in indirect heat exchange with product fluid to produce product fluid in an ultra cold condition, and then passing the resulting pulse tube gas in direct contact with the warmed heat transfer media to produce the said cold heat transfer media.
Another aspect of the invention is:
Apparatus for producing product fluid in an ultra cold condition comprising:
(A) a compressor, a multicomponent refrigerant fluid heat exchanger, means for passing fluid from the compressor to the multicomponent refrigerant fluid heat exchanger, an expansion device, and means for passing fluid from the multicomponent refrigerant fluid heat exchanger to the expansion device;
(B) a regenerator comprising a regenerator heat exchanger and a regenerator body containing heat transfer media, means for generating pressurized gas for oscillating flow within the regenerator, and means for passing fluid from the expansion device to the regenerator heat exchanger;
(C) a pulse tube comprising a pulse tube heat exchanger and a pulse tube body, means for passing fluid from the regenerator heat exchanger to the pulse tube heat exchanger, and means for passing fluid from the pulse tube heat exchanger to the multicomponent refrigerant fluid heat exchanger; and
(D) passage means for passing gas between the regenerator body and the pulse tube body, said passage means including a product fluid heat exchanger, means for providing product fluid to the product fluid heat exchanger, and means for withdrawing product fluid from the product fluid heat exchanger in an ultra cold condition.
As used herein the term “multicomponent refrigerant fluid” means a fluid comprising two or more species and capable of generating refrigeration.
As used herein the term “variable load refrigerant” means a mixture of two or more components in proportions such that the liquid phase of those components undergoes a continuous and increasing temperature change between the bubble point and the dew point of the mixture. The bubble point of the mixture is the temperature, at a given pressure, wherein the mixture is all in the liquid phase but addition of heat will initiate formation of a vapor phase in equilibrium with the liquid phase. The dew point of the mixture is the temperature, at a given pressure, wherein the mixture is all in the vapor phase but extraction of heat will initiate formation of a liquid phase in equilibrium with the vapor phase. Hence, the temperature region between the bubble point and the dew point of the mixture is the region wherein both liquid and vapor phases coexist in equilibrium. In the practice of this invention the temperature differences between the bubble point and the dew point for the variable load refrigerant is at least 10° K, preferably at least 20° K and most preferably at least 50° K.
As used herein the term “ultra cold condition” means having a temperature of 90° K or less.
As used herein the term “indirect heat exchange” means the bringing of fluids into heat exchange relation without any physical contact or intermixing of the fluids with each other.
As used herein the term “expansion” means to effect a reduction in pressure.
As used herein the term “atmospheric gas” means one of the following: nitrogen (N
2
), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), neon (Ne), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO
2
), oxygen (O
2
), deuterium (D
2
), hydrogen (H
2
) and helium (He).
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Acharya Arun
Arman Bayram
Bonaquist Dante Patrick
Gottzmann Christian Fredrich
Royal John Henri
Capossela Ronald
Ktorides Stanley
Praxair Technology Inc.
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