Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser – Synthetic resins – From carboxylic acid or derivative thereof
Patent
1996-10-28
1999-12-14
Hampton-Hightower, P.
Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 ser
Synthetic resins
From carboxylic acid or derivative thereof
528 10, 528 44, 528 60, 528 73, 528 75, 528 82, 528100, 528170, 528171, 528172, 528173, 528272, 528289, 528310, 528363, 528406, 526211, 526213, 4284231, C08G 6300, C08G 6500, C08G 7300, C08G 7500
Patent
active
060019581
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The field of the present invention is that of materials which are capable of being used in optics and non-linear optics (NLO).
The present invention relates to novel organic compounds of a polymeric or copolymeric nature which are active inter alia in optics and/or non-linear optics.
More precisely, the invention relates to oligomers, co-oligomers, polymers and copolymers, hereafter designated arbitrarily by the common name of polymers, which comprise chromophoric compounds.
PRIOR ART
Another characteristic of the optical polymers to which the invention relates is an ability to cross-link and give more or less rigid and/or insoluble materials which can optionally be converted to film, for example, in order to produce optical devices.
The fact that these macromolecules behave like optically linear materials and/or optically non-linear materials is exploited in these optical and opto-electronic applications.
On the macroscopic scale, the optically linear or optically non-linear behavior of these materials is determined by the susceptibilities.
Said susceptibilities are directly related to the polarization of the material induced by an electromagnetic field E and governs by the following fundamental relationship: absence of electromagnetic field, material.
The coefficient .chi..sup.1 reflects the linear optical behavior of the material.
Filters, polarizers and waveguides are examples of components which utilize polymers for their linear optical behavior.
The coefficients .chi.2 and .chi..sup.3 reflect the activity in non-linear optics of a first-order non-linear material and, respectively, a second-order non-linear material.
Materials active in non-linear optics are generally used in active components of the type comprising modulators, directional couplers, optical flip-flops, photoconductive films, etc.
The activity of these polymer materials in non-linear optics originates from the hyperpolarizable (or chromophoric) compounds they contain.
Chromophore must be understood as meaning any structural unit whose interaction with the electromagnetic field of light generates the desired optical effect.
This effect can take place at resonant or non-resonant wavelengths.
The activity of these chromophores in non-linear optics is given by their hyperpolarizability.
The latter is directly related to the molecular dipole moment by the following fundamental relationship: respectively, absence of electromagnetic field, hyperpolarizability.
The coefficient .alpha. is the coefficient of polarizability of the chromophoric molecule and reflects its activity in linear optics.
The coefficients .beta. and .gamma. are the first-order and, respectively, second-order coefficients of hyperpolarizability.
For a better understanding of the specifications imposed on optical and non-linear optical (NLO) polymers, it should be pointed out that linear or non-linear waveguides consist of several layers of polymers deposited successively one on top of the other on a substrate, for example by the spin coating technique.
The middle layer, with the highest index, constitutes the guiding material. The lateral confinement of the light in this layer of high index is effected by tracing a guide therein using techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, molding, ionic erosion or photobleaching. The last of these techniques, which requires the guiding middle layer to have a photosensitive refractive index, is preferred by those skilled in the art.
This all supposes that the polymers employed have an absorption and indices which are adjustable and controlled, preferably by photobleaching, and stable over time and to temperature.
Further details and explanations on the use of polymers for the manufacture of optical and opto-electronic waveguides may be obtained by consulting the work "Polymers for Lightwave and Integrated Optics", L. A. HORNACK, published by M. DECKKER, N.Y. (1992), or else the article by C. C. TENG, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60 (13), 1538, (1992).
It is further known that, to be active in NLO, whic
REFERENCES:
patent: 4985528 (1991-01-01), Mignani et al.
patent: 5075409 (1991-12-01), Barthelemy et al.
patent: 5098982 (1992-03-01), Long, II
Kitipichai et al., Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 31, No. 6, May 1993, New York, New York, pp. 1365-1375.
Chan You Ping
Dickens Michael
Lecomte Jean-Pierre
Meyrueix Remi
Tapolsky Gilles Hugues
Flamel Technologies
Hampton-Hightower P.
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