Optics: measuring and testing – By dispersed light spectroscopy – Utilizing a spectrometer
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-04
2003-02-18
Evans, F. L. (Department: 2877)
Optics: measuring and testing
By dispersed light spectroscopy
Utilizing a spectrometer
C359S571000, C359S572000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06522403
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The following references represent the state-of-the-art of this invention and are referred to hereinafter.
{1} T. Okamoto, I. Yamaguchi, “Simultaneous acquisition of spectral image information,” Opt. Lett., Vol. 16, No. 16, pp. 1277-1279 Aug. 15, 1991.
{2} F. V. Bulygin, G. N. Vishnyakov, G. G. Levin, and D. V. Karpukhin, “Spectrotomography-a new method of obtaining spectrograms of 2-D objects,” Optics and Spectroscopy (USSR) Vol. 71(6), pp.561-563, 1991.
{3} T. Okamoto, A. Takahashi, I. Yamaguchi, “Simultaneous Acquisition of Spectral and Spatial Intensity Distribution,” Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 47, No. 8, pp. 1198-1202, Aug. 1993.
{4} M. R. Descour, Non-scanning Imaging Spectrometry, Ph.D Dissertation, University of Arizona, 1994.
{5} M. Descour and E. Dereniak, “Computed-tomography imaging spectrometer: experimental calibration and reconstruction results,” Applied Optics, Vol. 34, No. 22, pp. 4817-4826, 1995.
{6} D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, and R. E. Muller, “Design and Fabrication of Computer-Generated Hologram Dispersers for Computed-Tomography Imaging Spectrometers,” Optical Society of America Annual Meeting, October 1996.
{7} M. R. Descour, C. E. Volin, E. L. Dereniak, T. M. Gleeson, M. F. Hopkins, D. W. Wilson, and P. D. Maker, “Demonstration of a computed-tomography imaging spectrometer using a computer-generated hologram disperser,” Appl. Optics., Vol. 36 (16), pp. 3694-3698, Jun. 1, 1997.
{8} P. D. Maker, and R. E. Muller, “Phase holograms in polymethyl methacrylate,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, Vol. 10(6), 2516-2519, November/December 1992.
{9} P. D. Maker and R. E. Muller, “Continuous Phase and Amplitude Holographic Elements,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,634, Feb. 28, 1995.
{10} P. D. Maker, D. W. Wilson, and R. E. Muller, “Fabrication and performance of optical interconnect analog phase holograms made be electron beam lithography,” in Optoelectronic Interconnects and Packaging, R. T. Chen and P. S. Guilfoyle, eds., SPIE Proceedings, Vol. CR62, pp. 415-430, February 1996.
{11} F. S. Pool, D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, R. E. Muller, J. J. Gill, D. K. Sengupta, J. K. Liu, S. V. Bandara, and S. D. Gunapala, “Fabrication and Performance of Diffractive Optics for Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors,” in Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays V, E. L. Dereniak and R. E. Sampson, Eds. Proc. SPIE Vol. 3379, pp. 402-409, July 1998.
{12} D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, R.E. Muller, “Reconstructions of Computed-Tomography Imaging Spectrometer Image Cubes Using Calculated System Matrices,” in Imaging Spectrometry III, M. R. Descour, S. S. Shen, Eds, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3118, pp. 184-193, 1997.
{13} D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, R. E. Muller, “Calculation-Based Calibration Procedure for Computed-Tomography Imaging Spectrometers,” OSA Annual Meeting, Long Beach, Calif., Oct. 14, 1997.
{14} P. D. Maker, R. E. Muller, D. W. Wilson, and P. Mouroulis, “New convex grating types manufactured by electron beam lithography,” 1998 OSA Diffractive Optics Topical Meeting, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, Jun. 8-11, 1998.
{15} P. Mouroulis, D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, and R. E. Muller, “Convex grating types for concentric imaging spectrometers,” Appl. Optics, vol. 37, pp. 7200-7208, Nov. 1, 1998.
{16} F. V. Bulygin and G. G. Levin, “Spectrotomography of Fluorescent Objects,” Optics and Spectroscopy (USSR), Vol. 84, No.6, pp. 894-897, Aug. 15, 1997.
{17} L. A. Shepp' and Y. Vardi, “Maximum likelihood reconstruction for emission tomography,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., MI-1, No. 2, pp 113-122 (1982).
{18} M. R. Descour, B. K. Ford, D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, G. H. Bearman, “High-speed spectral imager for imaging transient fluorescence phenomena,” in Systems and Technologies for Clinical Diagnostics and Drug Discovery, G. E. Cohn, Ed., Proc. SPIE vol. 3259, pp. 11-17, April, 1998.
{19} B. K. Ford, C. E. Volin, M. R. Descour, J. P. Garcia, D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, and G. H. Bearman, “Video-rate spectral imaging of fluorescence phenomena,” in Imaging Spectrometry IV, M. R. Descour and S. S. Shen, Eds., Proc. SPIE vol. 3438, p. 313-320, October 1998.
{20} C. E. Volin, B. K. Ford, M. R. Descour, J. P. Garcia, D. W. Wilson, P. D. Maker, and G. H. Bearman, “High-speed spectral imager for imaging transient fluorescence phenomena,” Applied. Optics, vol. 37, pp. 8112-8119, Dec. 1, 1998.
{21} K. Lange and R. Carson, “EM Reconstruction Algorithms for Emission and Transmission Tomography,” Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 306-316, April 1984.
{22} U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,015 to Offner, Jul. 24, 1973.
{23} U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,834 to Chrisp, Mar. 9, 1999.
{24} L. Mertz, “Concentric spectrographs,” Appl. Optics, Vol. 16, No. 12, pp. 3122-3124, Dec. 1977.
{25} F. V. Bulygin and G. G. Levin, “Spectral of 3-D objects,” Optics and Spectroscopy (USSR), Vol. 79, No.6, pp. 890-894, 1995.
{26} M. R. Descour and E. L. Dereniak, “Nonscanning no-moving-parts imaging spectrometer,” SPIE Vol. 2480, pp. 48-64, Jan. 1995.
{27} M. R. Descour, R. A Schowengerdt, E. L. Dereniak, K. J. Thome, A. B. Schumacher, D. W. Wilson and P. D. Maker “Analysis of the Computed-Tomography Imaging Spectrometer by singular value decomposition,” SPIE Vol. 2758, pp. 127-133, Jan. 1996.
{28} M. R. Descour, C. E. Volin, E. L. Dereniak and K. J. Thome, “Demonstration of a high-speed nonscanning imaging spectrometer,” Opt. Lett., Vol. 22, No. 16, pp. 1271-1273 Aug. 15, 1997.
The above numbered references are referred to hereinafter by their number N enclosed in special brackets, e.g. {10} or where multiple references are referred to by their numbers, e.g. {2, 16, 25}.
A type of spectrometer known in the field of optics as a “computed tomography imaging spectrometer”, or CTIS hereinafter, enables transient-event spectral imaging by capturing spatial and spectral information in a single snapshot. This has been accomplished by imaging a scene through a two-dimensional (2D) grating disperser as illustrated in the prior-art transmissive system
30
of FIG.
1
.
Referring to
FIGS. 1-3
, in this invention a primary optical system forms a real image
40
of the scene on a rectangular aperture
31
that serves as a field stop
41
. Since primary optical systems are well known in the art, for example telescopes, microscopes, endoscopes, etc., such systems are not shown in the drawings.
For example, in
FIG. 2
, spots of visible light, namely a blue spot B, a red spot R and a white spot W, in the field stop
41
are collimated in a lens
32
, filtered through a wide-band filter means
33
, and passed through a 2D grating disperser
34
which produces a 2D array of diffraction orders
35
. A final focusing element, such as lens
36
, re-images the various diffraction orders of light
37
onto a focal plane array (FPA) detector
38
, e.g. a charge coupled device, that records the intensity but not the color of the incident light. Each diffraction order transmitted from grating disperser
34
produces a spectrally dispersed image
44
of the scene, except for the undiffracted “zeroth” order which produces an undispersed image in the dashed center area
45
of FPA detector
38
as illustrated in FIG.
3
.
A prior art technique can be used to reconstruct the spectra of all the points in the object scene from the captured intensity pattern and knowledge of how points and wavelengths in the field stop map to pixels on the detector. This reconstruction problem is mathematically similar to that encountered in three-dimensional volume imaging in medicine. Hence it is possible to reconstruct the pixel spectra from a CTIS image by one of several iterative algorithms that have been developed for medical emission tomography {17, 21}. In this prior art technique, there are no moving parts or narrow-band filters, and a large fraction of collected l
Maker Paul D.
Mouroulis Pantazis Z.
Muller Richard E.
Wilson Daniel W.
Evans F. L.
Geisel Kara
Kusmiss John H.
The United States of America as represented by the Administrator
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