Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Plant material or plant extract of undetermined constitution...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-02-21
2002-08-27
Tate, Christopher R. (Department: 1651)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Plant material or plant extract of undetermined constitution...
C424S754000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06440466
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a composition useful as prophylactic and therapeutic agent for the management of viral diseases in aquatic animals, said composition containing aqueous extract of selected plants. The present invention also relates to a process for preparing the composition and a method of treating white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected tiger shrimp
Penaeus monodon.
BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART REFERENCES
In the tropics, particularly in Asian subcontinent, shrimp aquaculture has been growing as a major enterprise due to its export market and high profitability. In India, shrimp farming has transformed from a traditional farming practice into an organized industry in a short period of time. More than 100,000 hectares of coastal land are being used for shrimp farming in India, producing >80,000 tones annually (C. T. Achuthankutty, 1998. Sustainable shrimp farming in India—Prospects and challenges. In Technological Advancements in Fisheries, Edited by M. S. Hameed & B. M. Kurup, Publ. No.1, School Indl. Fish., Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, p. 54-59). Different species of shrimps are being cultivated in different parts of the world, but the tiger shrimp,
Penaeus monodon
is the most favored species for farming in India.
Since 1992, the shrimp culture industry, particularly in Asia, has been threatened by a viral syndrome, commonly known as the ‘white spot disease’, causing heavy mortality and financial losses (Y. G. Wang; M. Shariff; P. M. Sudha, P. S. S. Rao; M. D. Hassan & L. T. Lan, 1998. Managing white spot disease in shrimp,
Infofish International
, 3:30-36). Several species of penaeid shrimps viz.
Penaeus monodon, P. japonicus, P. chinensis, P. indicus, P. merguiensis
and
P. setiferus
have been known to be infected by this virus and the losses reported in China during 1993 was about U.S. $ 1 billion and in Thailand during 1996 was U.S. $ 500 million (Fishing chimes (as reported in Global
Aquaculture Advocate
Vol 2, Issue 2), 1999. What is shrimp white spot disease?, 19: 21-22). The outbreak of the disease was first noticed in India in the Kandaleru creek fed brackishwater farms along the Andhra coast during 1994 (K. M. Shankar & C. V. Mohan, 1994. Kandaleru-fed brackishwater farms near Gudur, A. P.,
Fishing Chimes
, September 23-24). Since then it has spread to shrimp farms located along both the coasts and caused heavy mortality and revenue loss to the farmers (C. V. Mohan, 1996. Health management strategy for a rapidly developing shrimp industry: An Indian perspective, In Health Management in Asian Aquaculture. Proceeding of the Regional Expert Consultation on Aquaculture Health Management in Asia and the Pacific, Edited by R. P. Subasinghe, J. R. Arthur & M. Shariff,
Fish Tech Pap
No. 360, FAO, Rome, p. 75-87). The estimated revenue loss in India for the year 1995-96 was about Rs. 250-300 billion (I. Karunasagar & I. Karunasagr, 1999. Shrimp disease prevention methods with special reference to white spot disease. Paper presented in the Workshop on Development of Sustainable Management Practices in Shrimp Farming under World Bank Assisted Shrimp and Fish Culture Project, held at Bhubaneswar, Jul. 30-31, 1999). The causative viral agent has been known by different names in different countries such as haematopoietic necrosis baculovirus (HHNBV), systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV), penaeid rod-shaped DNA virus (PRDV), white spot baculovirus (WSBV),
Penaeus monodon
non-occluded baculovirusII (PmNOBII),
Penaeus monodon
non-occluded baculovirusIII (PmNOBIII) (C. V. Mohan; P. M. Sudha; K. M. Shankar & A. Hedge, 1997. Vertical transmission of white spot baculovirus in shrimps-A possibility?
Curr. Sci
., 73: 109-110; I. Karunasagar; S. K. Otta & I. Karunasagar, 1997. Histopathological and bacteriological study of white spot syndrome of
Penaeus monodon
along the west coast of India,
Aquaculture
, 153: 9-13; Y. G. Wang; M. Shariff; P. M. Sudha, P. S. S. Rao; M. D. Hassan & L. T. Lan, 1998. Managing white spot disease in shrimp,
Infofish International
, 3:30-36). However, the etiology of the viral agent known by different names has been well studied and has been confirmed to be a baculovirus and is collectively known as the white spot syndrome virus or WSSV (D. V. Lightner, 1996. Handbook of for diagnosis procedures for diseases of penaeid shrimp, Special Publication of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, La., Section 3.11). WSSV has been shown to target various tissues originating from both the mesoderm and ectoderm as evidenced by histopathological studies (C. Wongteerasupaya; J. E. Vickers; S. Sriurairatana; G. L. Nash; A. Akarajamom; V. Boonsaeng; S. Panyim; A. Tassnakajon; B. Withyachumnamkul & T. W. Flegel, 1995. A. non-occluded, systemic baculovirus that occurs in cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin and causes high mortality in the black tiger prawn
Penaeus monodon
, Dis. Aquat. Org., 21: 69-77) and in situ hybridization ((P. S. Chang; C. F. Lo; Y. C. Wang & G. H. Kou, 1996. Identification of white spot syndrome associated baculovirus (WSBV) target organs in the shrimp
Penaeus monodon
by in situ hybridization,
Dis. Aquat. Org
., 27: 131-139). These studies were conducted on farm produced shrimps and/or experimentally infected shrimps. In another study, the virus has also been detected in different organs/tissues including the reproductive organs of wild caught brooders of
Penaeus monodon
indicating its vertical transmission (Chu-Fang Lo; Ching-Hui Ho; Chau-Huei Chen; Kuan-Fu Liu; Ya-Lin Chiu; Pie-Yan Yeh; Shao-En Peng; Hui-Chen Hsu; Hwei-Chung Liu; Chen-Fang Chang; Mao-Sen Su; Chung-Hsiung Wang & Guang-Hsiung Kou, 1997. Detection and tissue tropism of white spot syndrome baculovirus (WSBV) in captured brooders of
Penaeus monodon
with a special emphasis on reproductive organs,
Dis. Aquat. Org
., 30: 53-72).
Some plants have been used to control the severity of certain types of viral diseases. The ethanol extracts of two species of the genus Phyllanthus vis.
P. amarus
and
P. urinaria
homogenised with lobster haemolymph medium and injected into healthy
Penaeus monodon
after mixing with the yellow-head baculovirus (YBV), showed antivirucidal activity at a concentration of 100 &mgr;g/ml and 1 mg/ml, respectively against yellowhead baculovirus (YBV) (S. Direkbusarakom; A. Hurunsalee; S. Boonyaratpalin; Y. Danayadol & U. Aekpanithanpong, 1993. Effect of Phyllanthus spp. Against yellow-head baclovirus infection in black tiger shrimp,
Penaeus monodon
, In Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II, Fish Health Section, Edited by M. Shariff, J. R. Arthur & R. P. Subasinghe , Asian Fish. Soc., Manila, p. 81-88). However, these extracts have not been tested on the WSSV.
The ethanol extract of the leaves of Thai traditional medicine against human viral disease viz.
Clinacanthus nutans
Lindua, injected into the tiger shrimp showed inhibition of the yellow-head rhabdovirus (YRV) at a concentration of 1 &mgr;g/ml and by oral application at the rate of 1 g/kg of pellet feed (S. Direkbusarakom; L. Ruangpan; Y. Ezura & M. Yoshimizu, 1998
. Fish. Pathol
., 33: 401-404). This extract has also not been tested on controlling the WSSV.
The Gauva leaf (
Psidium guajava
), was not found to be effective on yellow-head virus infection in tiger shrimp although it was effective in preventing bacterial infection in cat fish (S. Direkbusarakom; A. Herunsalee; M. Yoshimizu; Y. Ezura & T. Kimura, 1997. Efficacy of Guava (
Psidium guajava
) extract against some fish and shrimp pathogenic agents, In Diseases in Asian Aquaculture III. Fish Health Section, Edited by T. W. Flegel & I. H. MacRae, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, p. 359-363).
It has been reported that the extract of an Indian wild plant, ‘Swallow Wort’ is useful in combating white spot virus (Anonymous, 1997. Wild plant combats WSV,
Infofish International
, No.2, March/April, 1997). However, no details on the therapeutic dosage and effects have been made available.
There also appeared a report that the extract o
Achuthankutty Chittur Thelakkat
Desai Ulhas Manohar
Sreepada Rayadurga Anantha
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
Oliff & Berridg,e PLC
Tate Christopher R.
Winston Randall
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