Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Carrier-bound or immobilized enzyme or microbial cell;... – Enzyme or microbial cell is immobilized on or in an organic...
Patent
1981-07-13
1984-05-29
Nafe, David M.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Carrier-bound or immobilized enzyme or microbial cell;...
Enzyme or microbial cell is immobilized on or in an organic...
20415922, 20415923, 428420, 435174, 435180, C12N 1106, C12N 1108, E08F 246
Patent
active
044515685
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention concerns the field of biologically active synthetic products and, more especially, that of substrates the surface of which possesses a biological activity, e.g. enzymatic activity or other.
Considerable work has been carried out in the past years for developing materials, in plain or divided form, the surface of which enables to link, permanently or temporarily, biologically active molecules. By the term of "biologically active molecules" there is understood, in general, molecules that participate in the chemical processes on which living beings are dependent. Among such substances, there can be recited enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, molds, hormones, antigens, antibodies, biological inhibitors, heparin, lectins, etc. These molecules generally have one or more reactive sites specific of some or another reaction or distinctive process and, by extension, there will be used in the present specification the term of biological or biofunctional molecules for substances of synthetic origin which behave similarly and are capable of functioning as biocatalysts, biosorbents, etc.
Thus, such carrier materials comprising a biofunctional substance can act, toward a substrate, as would the corresponding biofunctional substance in the free state; however, at the end of the reaction, such materials can generally be isolated from the reaction medium by usual means without any particular difficulty, which possibility does not necessarily hold for biologically active substances in the free state.
One particularly well known example of such biologically active materials is that of resins coated or impregnated with an enzyme; such materials, once activated, are put in the presence of a substrate to be biochemically modified in such a way as to have a reaction between the latter and the active layer of the material to take place. Once the reaction is at its end, the active material can be separated by usual means from the reaction medium and it can generally be reused directly or, if necessary, its activity can be restored by an appropriate regenerating treatment. Thus, when such biofunctional substances are tied up in an inert carrier and when, in such conditions, they are active toward a substrate to be transformed, they are often named as "biocatalysts". Similarly, a "biosorbent" is a substrate to which there are bonded biofunctional molecules capable of catching a substance that one desires to separate from a mixture.
REVIEW OF THE PRIOR-ART
Amidst the recent and more significant publications in the field, the following documents can be cited as examples:
1. Pellicular Immobilized Enzymes by C. Horvath, Biochem. & Biophys. Acta 338 (1974), 164-167. This reference stresses the advantages resulting from using thin films of an enzyme containing substrate as compared with using a column filled with particles of such substrate in comminuted form, e.g. a column loaded with resin particles containing enzymes immobilized within the mass of said resin. Indeed, the action of such substrate on a solution put in contact therewith is essentially of superficial nature and the use of thin films of active material coated on a rigid carrier is profitable because of obvious reagent savings and because of better mechanical stability. This reference indicates, particularly, that materials involving thin layers coated on a rigid supporting carrier, a glass bead for instance, activated by enzymes can be classified into three main categories, namely:
(a) The enzyme is trapped in a gel like matrix, the enzyme being bonded to the gel before or after depositing the latter on the carrier.
(b) The carrier consists of a micro-porous layer made, for instance, from a mineral or organic absorbent medium (silica, alumina, carbon, porous nylon, etc) and the enzyme is attached to this substrate by coupling or by cross-linking on the surface thereof.
(c) The organic or mineral film-like carrier is macroporous (pore size of about 100-200 nm); it can be impregnated with a polymer enzyme conjugate solution, after which the s
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Mayairi et al., Photoimmobilization of Enzyme Chem. Abstr., vol. 89: 19234p, 1978, (p. 258).
Iida et al., Immobilized Enzyme or Microbe. Chem. Abstr., vol. 88: 117046c, 1978, (p. 207).
Iida et al., Maintenance of Immobilized Enzyme or Microbe. Chem. Abstr., vol. 88: 117048e, (1978), (p. 207).
Goudd et al., Formation of a Stabilized Enzyme by Inclusion in a Water-Soluble Hydrophilic Polymer, vol. 80: 243279, 1974, (p. 181).
Kaetsu et al., Enzyme Immobilization by Polymers, vol. 84: 3309c, 1976, (p. 301).
Chevreux Pierre
Guillot Christian
Schneider Michel
Battelle (Memorial Institute)
Dunson Philip M.
Mieliulis Benjamin
Nafe David M.
Warburton Kenneth R.
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