Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Treatment of live animal
Reexamination Certificate
2000-02-18
2001-05-29
Sayala, Chhaya D. (Department: 1761)
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Treatment of live animal
C426S623000, C426S635000, C426S805000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06238708
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a composition and process for using it to alter and improve glucose metabolism in companion animals, particularly aging companion animals such as dogs.
Several different conditions are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in companion animals such as the dog and cat. These include diabetes (both insulin dependent type and non-insulin dependent maturity onset type), obesity, geriatrics, and gestation (pregnancy). Another associated metabolic disorder with obesity and diabetes is hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia is the presence of insulin at abnormally high levels in the blood. Counteracting the effects of hyperinsulinemia by lowering insulin levels in the blood can help lessen the progression of obesity and diabetes.
Aging has been associated with a loss of glycemic control not only in humans, but in dogs as well. Older dogs have been reported to have attenuated glycemic responses compared to their younger counterparts. Reported causes for this glucose metabolism dysfunction in aging populations include: increased insulin resistance from receptor and post-receptor disturbances, diminished pancreatic islet B-cell sensitivity to glucose, and impaired peripheral glucose utilization. Age-associated increases in body fat deposition may also play a role. In both dogs and cats, glucose tolerance is impaired with obesity.
Several studies have examined the effect of age and glucose metabolism using the minimal model approach. Bergman's Minimal Model (Bergman et al., Am. J. Physiol, vol. 236(6), p. E-667-77(1979) and Bergman et al., J. Clin. Invest., vol. 68(6), p.1456-67 (1981)) quantifies both insulin sensitivity and pancreatic responsiveness in an intact organism. The minimal model approach uses computer modeling to analyze plasma glucose and insulin dynamics during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Using this model, it has been suggested that aging is associated with a lower glucose disappearance rate, decreased insulin sensitivity to glucose, and a suppressed second phase B-cell response to glucose stimulation.
Starch has been suggested as the primary dietary component most responsible for the rise in blood glucose immediately following a meal (Milla et al., JPEN, vol. 20, p. 182-86 (1996). The term “glycemic index” was defined as a way to comparatively rank foods based on their glycemic response. The glycemic index and dietary content of carbohydrates have been used to explain approximately 90% of the reason for differences in glucose and insulin responses to a meal. However, such studies have focused on altering the amount of starch in a diet. But, in a recent study using young beagle dogs, the source of dietary starch was reported to influence the postprandial response to a meal (Sunvold et al., Recent Advances in Canine and Feline Nutrition, p. 123-34 (1998)). See also, Sunvold, U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,258.
Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for a dietary composition which can alter and improve a companion animal's glucose metabolism, particularly the glucose metabolism of an aging companion animal.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention meets that need by providing a composition and process for using the composition to alter and improve glucose metabolism in companion animals such as dogs. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a pet food composition is provided and includes a source of protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates from a grain source which excludes rice. It has been found that a pet food composition which uses as the carbohydrate source a blend of corn and sorghum; a blend of corn, sorghum, and barley; a blend of corn, sorghum, and oats; or a blend of oats and barley, tends to modulate the animal's glycemic and insulinemic responses after a meal. This effect is even more marked when the composition is fed to geriatric companion animals such as dogs. By “geriatric dog” it is meant any dog seven years of age or older and under 90 lbs (40 kg) of body weight, or any dog five years of age or older and over 90 lbs (40 kg) of body weight (large or giant breed).
Where the source of carbohydrates is a blend of corn and sorghum, or a blend of oats and barley, it is preferred that these starch sources be present in the composition in a weight ratio of from between about 1:5 to about 5:1, more preferably from about 1:3 to about 3:1, and most preferably about 1:1. Where the source of carbohydrates is a blend of corn, sorghum and barley, or corn, sorghum and oats, it is preferred that these starch sources be present in the composition in a weight ratio of from between about 1:1:5 to about 1:5:1 to about 5:1:1, more preferably from about 1:1:3 to about 1:3:1 to about 3:1:1, and most preferably about 1:1:1, respectively.
Preferably, the composition comprises from about 20 to about 40% crude protein, from about 4 to about 30% fat, from about 2 to about 20% total dietary fiber, and a source of starch which excludes rice but includes a blend of other grain sources such as corn and sorghum; corn, sorghum, and barley; corn, sorghum, and oats; or oats and barley. Typically, the carbohydrate sources in the composition of the present invention will make up from about 35 to about 60 wt % of the composition.
The pet food composition may optionally include chromium tripicolinate and a water soluble, cellulose ether. Additionally, the pet food composition may further include from about 1 to about 11 weight percent of supplemental total dietary fiber of fermentable fibers which have an organic matter disappearance of 15 to 60 weight percent when fermented by fecal bacteria for a 24 hour period.
The invention also includes a process for controlling postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in a companion animal comprising the step of feeding the companion animal a pet food composition comprising a source of protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates which excludes rice. Preferably, the carbohydrate source includes a grain source such as a blend of corn and sorghum; a blend of corn, sorghum, and barley; a blend of corn, sorghum, and oats; or a blend of oats and barley.
Accordingly, it is a feature of the present invention to provide a composition and process of using it to improve glucose and/or insulin metabolism in companion animals, particularly aging companion animals by controlling the postprandial glycemic and/or insulinemic responses in those animals. This, and other features and advantages of the present invention, will become apparent from the following detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.
REFERENCES:
patent: 5087623 (1992-02-01), Boynton et al.
patent: 5605893 (1997-02-01), Kaufman
patent: 5654028 (1997-08-01), Christensen et al.
patent: 5846581 (1998-12-01), Catron
patent: 5932258 (1999-08-01), Sunvold
patent: 1135850A (1996-11-01), None
Sunvold, G. Et Al., “Effect of Fermentable Fiber Consumption by the Dog on Nitrogen Balance and Fecal Microbia Nitrogen Excretion”, FASEB Journal, US, Fed. of American Soc. For Experimental Biology, , Bethesda, MD., vol. 10, Jan. 1, 1996, pg. A.
Murray, S.M. Et Al., “Cereal Flour Incorporation Into Premium Diets Fed to Ileal Cannulated Dogs”, FASEB Journal, vol. 11, 1997, p. a414 XP002141558.
Harrington-McGill, S., “Eat Right or Die Young”, Dec. 12, 1996, p. 1-2, XP002141559.
Massimino, S.P. Et Al., “Glucose Tolerance in Old Dogs is Modified by Starch Source”, FASEB Journal, vol. 13, Mar. 12, 1999, p. a375 XP002141557.
Bergman Et Al, “Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity”, American Physiological Society, 1979, pp. E-667-77, vol. 236(6).
Bergman Et Al, “Physiologic Evaluation of Factors Controlling Glucose Tolerance in Man”, J. Clin. Invest., 1981, pp. 1456-1467, vol. 68.
Milla Et Al, “Glycemic Response to Dietary Supplements in Cystic Fibrosis is Dependent on the Carbohydrate Content of the Formula”, JPEN, 1996, pp. 182-186, vol. 20, No. 3.
Sunvold Et Al, “The Glycemic Response to Dietary Starch, Recent Advances in Canine Feline Nutrition”, 1998 pp.
Hayek Michael Griffin
Massimino Stefan Patrick
Sunvold Gregory Dean
Killworth, Gottman Hagan & Schaeff, L.L.P.
Sayala Chhaya D.
The Iams Company
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