Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Whole live micro-organism – cell – or virus containing – Bacteria or actinomycetales
Patent
1996-05-06
2000-06-13
Mosher, Mary E.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Whole live micro-organism, cell, or virus containing
Bacteria or actinomycetales
47 581, 4352535, 435886, A01N 6300, C12N 120, A61F 3574
Patent
active
060746386
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Scab disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) is caused by several species of Streptomyces. The pathogen was first isolated in 1890 in the state of Connecticut and named Oospora scabies based on its melanin production and gray spores borne in spiral chains. Thaxter, Aqric. Expt. Sta. Rept., 81:95 (1890). The organism was later renamed as Streptomyces scabies. Waksman et al., J. Bacteriol., 46:337-341 (1948). Taxonomy of the organism has changed significantly over the years as different isolates of Streptomyces causing scab disease on potatoes have been given different names.
S. scabies was eventually reevaluated and the original description of the organism was changed to include smooth spores and use of all ISP sugars. Elesaway et al., ACTA Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung., 26:311-20 (1979). At present, the taxonomy of S. scabies is based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. The confusion over Streptomyces taxonomy may be attributed to the organism's ability to produce sectors readily in culture and extreme sensitivity to physical variations of cultural conditions. Erikson, J. Gen Microbiol., 13:136-148 (1955).
A number of different strains causing potato scab in the eastern United States and Canada were isolated, determined to be the same species, and grouped as Streptomyces scabies. Lambert et al., Intl. J. Systematic Bact. 39:387-392 (1989). Data indicated that S. scabies formed a homogeneous group characterized by smooth gray spores borne in spiral chains, melanin production, and utilization of all ISP sugars. It was thus proposed to revive the name S. scabies for the group of organisms which caused common scab of potato. At present, the species S. scabies is not listed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (8th edition), Buchanan et al., Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. (1974).
Besides S. scabies, scab diseases on potato tubers are caused by other species of Streptomyces, as for example, S. acidiscabies, and additional less virulent isolates of S. griseus, S. olivaceous, S. aureofaciens, S. flaveolus. Corbaz, Phytopathol., 51:351-360 (1964); Gordon et al., J. Gen. Microbiol., 50:223-233 (1968); and Hutter, Systematic der Streptomyceten, Karger, Basel (1967); Archuleta et al., Amer. Potato J., 58:385-392 (1981); Millard et al., Ann. App. Biol., 8:560-644 (1926).
Crops other than potatoes, as for example, radish, beet, carrot, rutabaga, parsnip, turnip, and the like, are susceptible to scab diseases. Scab disease is a major production problem that affects grade quality, but has a relatively small effect on total yield of tubers or storing ability (Hooker, Compendium of Potato Disease, pages 33-34, American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn. (1990)).
Four different types of scab lesions have been observed on infected tuber surfaces. Lesions on potato tubers range from small raised scab tissue around lenticels to large, deep pits (Schroth et al., Ecology of Root Pathogens, pp. 129-138 (1979); Millard et al., Ann. App. Biol., 13:580-644 (1926); Jones, Ann. App. Biol., 18:313-333 (1931) 1941; and Schall, J. Agr. Res., 69:169-196 (1944)). Russet scab lesions are formed in highly alkaline soil by an undescribed species of Streptomyces (Harrison, Amer. Potato J., 39:368-387 (1962)). A recent paper, Faucher et al., Plant Dis., 77:1217-1220 (1993), indicates russet scab in eastern Canada is caused by Streptomyces aureofaciens. Lesions from "acid scab" isolates are caused by Streptomyces acidiscabies. Manzer et al., LSA Experimental Station Technical Bulletin, 85 (1976); Lambert and Loria, Intl. J. Systematical Bacteriology, 39:387-392 (1989).
Streptomyces spp. are aerobic, gram-positive, soil-inhabiting, filamentous bacteria. The Streptomyces are different from most prokaryotes because they produce coherent, nonfragmenting colonies and undergo differentiation during colony development producing hyphae and spores. Chater and Merrick, Studies in Microbiology. Vol 1: Developmental Biology of Prokaryotes, pages 93-114, J. H. Parish, ed., University of Ca
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Anderson Neil A.
Kinkel Linda L.
Liu Daqun
Schottel Janet L.
Mosher Mary E.
Regents of the University of Minnesota
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