Aeronautics and astronautics – Aircraft – heavier-than-air – Helicopter or auto-rotating wing sustained – i.e. – gyroplanes
Reexamination Certificate
2002-04-10
2004-03-23
Jordan, Charles T. (Department: 3644)
Aeronautics and astronautics
Aircraft, heavier-than-air
Helicopter or auto-rotating wing sustained, i.e., gyroplanes
C244S00700B
Reexamination Certificate
active
06708921
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to composite flapping flexures. In particular, the present invention relates to the belt stacking sequences in composite flapping flexures.
2. Description of Related Art
In simple terms, flapping is the oscillatory perpendicular movement of a rotor blade relative to the rotor plane in a helicopter or other rotor craft. As those skilled in the art are aware, flapping in rotor blades is necessary to resolve the problem of dissimilarity of rotor thrust. A typical rotor will flap above and below the rotor plane through a total angle of flexure of about 7°.
For many years, composite materials have been used in the aircraft industry to form parts that are lighter and stronger than their metallic counterparts. Composite materials generally consist of a fiber material, such as fiberglass, suspended in a matrix material, such as an epoxy resin. Helicopter designers employ such composite materials to form rotor yokes that can counteract the cyclic out-of-plane bending loads generated by rotor flapping.
Currently, these composite flapping flexures are manufactured from composite laminates having layers that alternate between load carrying layers and minor load carrying layers. In the load carrying layers, also referred to as “belts,” the fiberglass fibers of the composite material are generally aligned with the longitudinal axis of the flexure. In the minor load carrying layers, also referred to as “off-axis layers,” the fiberglass fibers are oriented at selected angles to the longitudinal axis of the flexure, such as ±45°.
Due to fiber orientation, the off-axis layers are softer in bending than the belts. When the flexure is subjected to an out-of-plane bending load, shear strains are generated between the off-axis layers and the belts, the maximum shear strain being at the mid-plane of the flexure. As a result, mid-plane delamination is the predominant failure mode for composite flapping flexures. Because these composite flapping flexures are exposed to cyclic bending, failure can result either from the flexure exceeding a certain maximum flapping angle, or from fatigue due to the cyclic nature of the bending loads.
Although great strides have been made in the design of composite flapping flexures, there is a need for a composite flapping flexure that is more flexible and that has a longer fatigue life.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
There is a need for a composite flapping flexure having an increased maximum angle of flexure and an increased fatigue life.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a composite flapping flexure having a belt stacking arrangement that increases the maximum angle of flexure and increases the fatigue life of the flexure.
The above objects are achieved by providing a composite flapping flexure in which the load carrying belts are located on the upper and lower surfaces of the flexure, and the non-load carrying off-axis layers are located at the mid-plane of the flexure.
The composite flapping flexure of the present invention provides significant advantages. With a composite flapping flexure according to the present invention, the maximum angle of flexure can be increased and fatigue capability can be improved.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4427340 (1984-01-01), Metzger et al.
patent: 4741943 (1988-05-01), Hunt
patent: 5358381 (1994-10-01), Covington et al.
patent: 5496002 (1996-03-01), Schutze
patent: 5755558 (1998-05-01), Reinfelder et al.
patent: 6375426 (2002-04-01), Brack et al.
patent: 2002/0153450 (2002-10-01), Sims et al.
Powell Ernie A.
Sims John L.
Tisdale Patrick R.
Bell Helicopter Textron Inc.
Holzen Stephen A
Jordan Charles T.
Walton James E.
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