Multiplex communications – Communication techniques for information carried in plural... – Combining or distributing information via time channels
Reexamination Certificate
2000-06-27
2004-06-15
Sam, Phirin (Department: 2661)
Multiplex communications
Communication techniques for information carried in plural...
Combining or distributing information via time channels
C370S388000, C370S510000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06751235
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the transfer of data over a communication link. In particular, the present invention relates to methods of synchronizing a communication link for transferring data.
2. Description of the Related Art
One challenge to implementing a data network which utilizes a channel-oriented, switched fabric, serial link architecture is to ensure that the high-speed data communications between a data transmitter (source node) and a data receiver (destination node) operating in two different clocks are synchronous with respect to the transmission and reception of data within each data packet. Such data transmitter and data receiver may correspond to different network nodes (end stations such as host computers, servers, and/or I/O devices) and operate in synchrony with different clock signals. Failure to maintain synchronization between the data transmitter and data receiver may result in the mis-communication (data corruption) and therefore, effective loss of data.
As shown in
FIG. 1
, a network interface controller (NIC) has both a transmitter and a receiver. Each NIC in
FIG. 1
has only a single transmitter/receiver pair. However, a NIC can have any number of such pairs (“ports”) supporting respective links. Link synchronization is the process of synchronizing the transmitters and receivers on each end of a serial link. Prior to link establishment, a transmitter is under the control of that port's receiver. The receiver essentially determines the necessary transmission sequence based on the data received on the link.
One common link synchronization method uses IDLE sequences. Specifically, a first device initiates the process by transmitting IDLE-1 characters to a second device until 3 consecutive IDLE-1 characters are received. At that time, the device transmits IDLE-2 characters until a single IDLE-2 character is received. Upon reception of the IDLE-2 character, link is determined to be synchronized and therefore established. At the point where link is determined to be established, the corresponding receiver no longer controls the transmitter and transmit data becomes a function of the transmit state machine.
FIG. 2
depicts a suggested interaction between a NIC transmitter and receiver pair for link synchronization. The receiver is divided into receiver and physical (PHY) blocks based on clock source. The PHY block receives the RXCLK clock signal from the SERDES and operates in the RXCLK domain. The receiver and transmitter blocks both receive a Core Clk signal from the silicon core and function in the core clock domain. The XMIT_I
1
and XMIT_I
2
control signals signify to the transmitter which synchronization character (Idle-1 or Idle-2) requires transmission in order to establish link. The Link_Good signal indicates when the serial link has been synchronized (established) and the transmitter then assumes control of the transmit data stream.
The Link Synchronization machine presumably resides in the PHY block, which operates in the time domain of the RXCLK signal from the SERDES. This poses a significant design challenge since the transmitter, requiring control during link synchronization, resides in the time domain of the Core Clk signal from the silicon core. Passing control signals across the two domains and the implied latency makes the implementation of the Link Synchronization State Machine difficult and provides relatively low performance.
REFERENCES:
patent: 5905587 (1999-05-01), Maeno et al.
patent: 6594329 (2003-07-01), Susnow
Reohr, Jr. Richard D.
Susnow Dean S.
Kenyon & Kenyon
Sam Phirin
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